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Key policy questions per theme.
Tables per theme
PQ1 (APEP) |
How do energy policies contribute to economic and social development, and how do they support or hamper a more sustainable future? |
Air pollution and energy policies |
PQ2 (APEP) |
How can the goals for affordable, clean and reliable energy be achieved taking into account possible synergies and trade-offs? |
Air pollution and energy policies |
PQ2 (E) |
What synergies between climate policy and air pollution control can be identified? |
Emissions |
PQ1 (E) |
How will emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants develop in scenarios with and without policy interventions, such as climate policy and air pollution control? |
Emissions |
PQ1 (IF) |
How could global environmental issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss and air pollution evolve? |
IMAGE framework summary |
PQ2 (IF) |
What are the consequences of these changes for international targets for biodiversity protection (addressed by the CBD), climate change (UNFCCC) and human development (addressed by the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals)? |
IMAGE framework summary |
PQ1 (LS) |
What are the impacts of increasing livestock production on land use, greenhouse gases and other emissions to air and surface water? |
Livestock systems |
PQ3 (AS) |
How can agricultural intensification increase global food production, and what policies will contribute to this? |
Land-use allocation |
PQ1 (LS) |
What are the impacts of increasing livestock production on land use, greenhouse gases and other emissions to air and surface water? |
Livestock systems |
PQ2 (LS) |
How does the use of marginal lands for grazing increase the risk of degradation and loss of productivity, inducing more forest clearing? |
Livestock systems |
PQ2 (AB) |
What are the key pressure factors causing loss of aquatic biodiversity? |
Aquatic biodiversity |
PQ3 (AB) |
How will policies and measures to reduce the key pressure factors contribute to meeting the internationally agreed targets of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)? |
Aquatic biodiversity |
PQ1 (AB) |
How will the biodiversity in freshwater bodies develop in the absence of additional policies and measures? |
Aquatic biodiversity |
PQ1 (IF) |
How could global environmental issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss and air pollution evolve? |
IMAGE framework summary |
PQ2 (IF) |
What are the consequences of these changes for international targets for biodiversity protection (addressed by the CBD), climate change (UNFCCC) and human development (addressed by the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals)? |
IMAGE framework summary |
PQ3 (TB) |
How will nature conservation policies and measures to reduce the key pressure factors of biodiversity loss contribute to meeting the targets of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)? |
Terrestrial biodiversity |
PQ2 (TB) |
What are the key pressure factors causing biodiversity loss? |
Terrestrial biodiversity |
PQ1 (E) |
How will emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants develop in scenarios with and without policy interventions, such as climate policy and air pollution control? |
Emissions |
PQ4 (CP) |
What are the trade-offs between mitigation costs, adaptation costs, and climate change damage? |
Climate policy |
PQ4 (CP) |
What are the trade-offs between mitigation costs, adaptation costs, and climate change damage? |
Climate policy |
PQ1 (CG) |
How will climate change affect the productivity of current and future agricultural areas? |
Crops and grass |
PQ1 (APEP) |
How do energy policies contribute to economic and social development, and how do they support or hamper a more sustainable future? |
Air pollution and energy policies |
PQ2 (ACC) |
To what extent would the various scenarios to significantly reduce net greenhouse gas emissions lead to a reduction in climate change? |
Atmospheric composition and climate |
PQ3 (CP) |
What is the effect of the NDCs on achieving the long term 2 ºC target? |
Climate policy |
PQ4 (CP) |
What are the trade-offs between mitigation costs, adaptation costs, and climate change damage? |
Climate policy |
PQ1 (E) |
How will emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants develop in scenarios with and without policy interventions, such as climate policy and air pollution control? |
Emissions |
PQ2 (E) |
What synergies between climate policy and air pollution control can be identified? |
Emissions |
PQ2 (EC) |
What are the potential roles of individual technologies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), nuclear power, hydrogen and renewable energy? |
Energy conversion |
PQ2 (ESD) |
What transitions in the energy system would meet long-term climate goals? |
Energy supply and demand |
PQ2 (EGS) |
How could policy interventions contribute to improving future ecosystem services? |
Ecosystem services |
PQ3 (EGS) |
How could policy interventions influence the interaction between ecosystem services and other goals and ambitions, such as the millennium development goals? |
Ecosystem services |
PQ1 (EGS) |
How would ecosystem services and the benefits from the natural environment develop in the absence of specific policies? |
Ecosystem services |
PQ1 (FM) |
How can management influence forest capacity to meet future demand for wood and other ecosystem services? |
Forest management |
PQ2 (APEP) |
How can the goals for affordable, clean and reliable energy be achieved taking into account possible synergies and trade-offs? |
Air pollution and energy policies |
PQ1 (APEP) |
How do energy policies contribute to economic and social development, and how do they support or hamper a more sustainable future? |
Air pollution and energy policies |
PQ1 (ED) |
How will energy demand evolve particularly in emerging and medium- and low-income economies? |
Energy demand |
PQ2 (ED) |
What is the mix of end-use energy carriers to meet future energy demand? |
Energy demand |
PQ3 (ED) |
How can energy efficiency contribute to reducing the growth rate of energy demand and mitigate pressures on the global environment? |
Energy demand |
PQ2 (ES) |
How can energy supply and demand be balanced between world regions, and how will this effect security of supply? |
Energy supply |
PQ1 (ESD) |
How can energy supply and demand become more sustainable, balancing human development, security of supply, and concerns about climate change and air pollution? |
Energy supply and demand |
PQ3 (ED) |
How can energy efficiency contribute to reducing the growth rate of energy demand and mitigate pressures on the global environment? |
Energy demand |
PQ1 (ESD) |
How can energy supply and demand become more sustainable, balancing human development, security of supply, and concerns about climate change and air pollution? |
Energy supply and demand |
PQ3 (ED) |
How can energy efficiency contribute to reducing the growth rate of energy demand and mitigate pressures on the global environment? |
Energy demand |
PQ1 (ES) |
How can energy resources be exploited to meet future primary energy demand? |
Energy supply |
PQ3 (ES) |
How rapidly can the transition to more sustainable energy supply be made? |
Energy supply |
PQ1 (ESD) |
How can energy supply and demand become more sustainable, balancing human development, security of supply, and concerns about climate change and air pollution? |
Energy supply and demand |
PQ2 (AEF) |
What are the policy options to reduce agricultural land use and to safeguard global biodiversity, while ensuring food security? |
Agricultural economy |
PQ3 (FM) |
What are the prospects for more sustainable forest management and the role of production in dedicated forest plantations? |
Forest management |
PQ1 (FM) |
How can management influence forest capacity to meet future demand for wood and other ecosystem services? |
Forest management |
PQ2 (FM) |
What are the implications of forest management for pristine and managed forest areas, and on biomass and carbon stocks and fluxes of relevance for climate policy? |
Forest management |
PQ2 (AS) |
How will land-use regulation, such as protected areas and REDD schemes, affect future land use and the impacts of land-use change? |
Land-use allocation |
PQ3 (AEF) |
How can the implications of biofuels for land use and greenhouse gases be managed sustainably? |
Agricultural economy |
PQ2 (ACC) |
To what extent would the various scenarios to significantly reduce net greenhouse gas emissions lead to a reduction in climate change? |
Atmospheric composition and climate |
PQ2 (NVCC) |
To what extent can the terrestrial biosphere contribute to reducing the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere and what are viable mechanisms? |
Carbon cycle and natural vegetation |
PQ3 (NVCC) |
What opportunities exist to reduce land-use related carbon emissions (e.g. REDD) and even enhance the carbon uptake through the establishment of new forests. |
Carbon cycle and natural vegetation |
PQ1 (NVCC) |
What is the role of the terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle, how will it change in time as a result of climate and land-use change? |
Carbon cycle and natural vegetation |
PQ3 (VHA) |
What is the role of the terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle, how will it change in time as a result of climate and land-use change? |
Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water |
PQ2 (CP) |
What is the effect of effort-sharing approaches on regional and national emission reduction targets and on the cost of climate policies? |
Climate policy |
PQ1 (CP) |
What global greenhouse gas emissions pathways would meet the well below 2 °C climate target? |
Climate policy |
PQ2 (CG) |
How could management improve agricultural productivity under current and future water constraints? |
Crops and grass |
PQ1 (E) |
How will emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants develop in scenarios with and without policy interventions, such as climate policy and air pollution control? |
Emissions |
PQ2 (E) |
What synergies between climate policy and air pollution control can be identified? |
Emissions |
PQ2 (FM) |
What are the implications of forest management for pristine and managed forest areas, and on biomass and carbon stocks and fluxes of relevance for climate policy? |
Forest management |
PQ1 (LBP) |
How can land-use policies contribute to strategies for halting biodiversity loss and reducing greenhouse gas emissions? |
Land and biodiversity policies |
PQ1 (LS) |
What are the impacts of increasing livestock production on land use, greenhouse gases and other emissions to air and surface water? |
Livestock systems |
PQ4 (VHA) |
What is the combined effect of climate change and socio-economic development on water demand and availability, and associated agricultural production? |
Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water |
PQ1 (H) |
What is the combined effect of climate change and socio-economic development on water demand and availability, and on associated agricultural production? |
Water |
PQ2 (H) |
What is the potential of adaptation measures to reduce water stress and water-related crop production losses? |
Water |
PQ1 (AB) |
How will the biodiversity in freshwater bodies develop in the absence of additional policies and measures? |
Aquatic biodiversity |
PQ3 (CG) |
How will agriculture affect the Earth system with respect to carbon emissions, freshwater availability and nutrient cycles? |
Crops and grass |
PQ1 (E) |
How will emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants develop in scenarios with and without policy interventions, such as climate policy and air pollution control? |
Emissions |
PQ1 (LS) |
What are the impacts of increasing livestock production on land use, greenhouse gases and other emissions to air and surface water? |
Livestock systems |
PQ1 (CP) |
What global greenhouse gas emissions pathways would meet the well below 2 °C climate target? |
Climate policy |
PQ2 (CP) |
What is the effect of effort-sharing approaches on regional and national emission reduction targets and on the cost of climate policies? |
Climate policy |
PQ4 (CP) |
What are the trade-offs between mitigation costs, adaptation costs, and climate change damage? |
Climate policy |
PQ2 (CG) |
How could management improve agricultural productivity under current and future water constraints? |
Crops and grass |
PQ1 (EC) |
What is the potential role of energy conversion sector, particularly in power production, in achieving a more sustainable energy system? |
Energy conversion |
PQ2 (EC) |
What are the potential roles of individual technologies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), nuclear power, hydrogen and renewable energy? |
Energy conversion |
PQ2 (ESD) |
What transitions in the energy system would meet long-term climate goals? |
Energy supply and demand |
PQ3 (ESD) |
How are these strategies affected by uncertainties in the energy system? |
Energy supply and demand |
PQ1 (ESD) |
How can energy supply and demand become more sustainable, balancing human development, security of supply, and concerns about climate change and air pollution? |
Energy supply and demand |
PQ1 (FR) |
How will future flood risk change as a result of socio-economic changes and climate change? |
Flood risks |
PQ2 (FR) |
What would be the impact of floods, in terms of damage and victims, and where are the hot spots? |
Flood risks |
PQ3 (FR) |
What would be suitable adaptation strategies and investment options related to flood risk? |
Flood risks |
PQ2 (AEF) |
What are the policy options to reduce agricultural land use and to safeguard global biodiversity, while ensuring food security? |
Agricultural economy |
PQ1 (IF) |
How could global environmental issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss and air pollution evolve? |
IMAGE framework summary |
PQ2 (IF) |
What are the consequences of these changes for international targets for biodiversity protection (addressed by the CBD), climate change (UNFCCC) and human development (addressed by the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals)? |
IMAGE framework summary |
PQ3 (LBP) |
What are the synergies and trade-offs between halting biodiversity loss, food security, reducing nutrient emissions, and reducing water stress? |
Land and biodiversity policies |
PQ1 (LBP) |
How can land-use policies contribute to strategies for halting biodiversity loss and reducing greenhouse gas emissions? |
Land and biodiversity policies |
PQ1 (LD) |
In what parts of the world have human-induced changes in land and soil conditions occurred? |
Land degradation |
PQ1 (TB) |
What is the future rate of terrestrial biodiversity loss in the absence of additional policies and measures? |
Terrestrial biodiversity |
PQ3 (TB) |
How will nature conservation policies and measures to reduce the key pressure factors of biodiversity loss contribute to meeting the targets of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)? |
Terrestrial biodiversity |
PQ2 (TB) |
What are the key pressure factors causing biodiversity loss? |
Terrestrial biodiversity |
PQ1 (AB) |
How will the biodiversity in freshwater bodies develop in the absence of additional policies and measures? |
Aquatic biodiversity |
PQ2 (AB) |
What are the key pressure factors causing loss of aquatic biodiversity? |
Aquatic biodiversity |
PQ3 (AB) |
How will policies and measures to reduce the key pressure factors contribute to meeting the internationally agreed targets of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)? |
Aquatic biodiversity |
PQ2 (N) |
To what extent can the negative impacts be reduced by more efficient nutrient management and wastewater treatment, while retaining the positive effects on food production and land productivity? |
Nutrients |
PQ3 (AB) |
How will policies and measures to reduce the key pressure factors contribute to meeting the internationally agreed targets of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)? |
Aquatic biodiversity |
PQ4 (VHA) |
What is the combined effect of climate change and socio-economic development on water demand and availability, and associated agricultural production? |
Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water |
PQ3 (CG) |
How will agriculture affect the Earth system with respect to carbon emissions, freshwater availability and nutrient cycles? |
Crops and grass |
PQ3 (LBP) |
What are the synergies and trade-offs between halting biodiversity loss, food security, reducing nutrient emissions, and reducing water stress? |
Land and biodiversity policies |
PQ1 (N) |
How will the increasing use of fertilisers affect terrestrial and marine ecosystems, with possible consequences for human health? |
Nutrients |
PQ3 (H) |
How can water demand be reduced and still provide the adequate service levels to the sectors with the highest demand? |
Water |
PQ1 (H) |
What is the combined effect of climate change and socio-economic development on water demand and availability, and on associated agricultural production? |
Water |
PQ2 (H) |
What is the potential of adaptation measures to reduce water stress and water-related crop production losses? |
Water |
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