Air pollution and energy policies: Difference between revisions

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|KeyReference=Kruyt et al., 2009; Van Ruijven et al., 2012;
|KeyReference=Kruyt et al., 2009; Van Ruijven et al., 2012;
|Reference=EC, 2010; AGECC, 2010;
|Reference=EC, 2010; AGECC, 2010;
|Description=Many countries have formulated explicit policies to address the role of the energy system in achieving their development ambitions. These policies are clustered under goals for affordable energy, clean energy, and reliable energy. The EU Energy Strategy, for instance, aims for a competitive, sustainable and secure energy system ([[EC, 2010]]). Similarly, the UN Secretary-General Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change ([[HasAcronym::AGECC]]) states as goal ensuring reliable, affordable, and sustainable access to modern energy services (AGECC, 2010).  
|Description=Many countries have formulated explicit policies to address the role of the energy system in achieving their development ambitions. These policies are clustered under goals for affordable energy, clean energy, and reliable energy. The EU Energy Strategy, for instance, aims for a competitive, sustainable and secure energy system ([[EC, 2010]]). Similarly, the UN Secretary-General Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change ({{abbrTemplate|AGECC}}) states as goal ensuring reliable, affordable, and sustainable access to modern energy services ([[AGECC, 2010]]).  


Other energy policies are also pursued. Energy exporting countries, for instance, aim to maximise returns on national fossil-fuel reserves. Many countries have formulated policies to support specific sectors and targets by offering subsidised energy carriers and other means to keep prices below market levels. Such measures include  favouring national industries with special, low energy prices, subsidised oil products, electricity for households and irrigation, and tax exemptions. Although inspired by other policy considerations, such measures rank as harmful subsidies from an environmental perspective.  
Other energy policies are also pursued. Energy exporting countries, for instance, aim to maximise returns on national fossil-fuel reserves. Many countries have formulated policies to support specific energy uses (e.g. irrigation) or user groups by offering energy at reduced costs, by subsidies or energy taxes exemptions , or by providing free grid connectivity. While inspired by other policy considerations, some of these measures rank as harmful subsidies from an environmental perspective.  


The three energy goals represent trade-offs, and opportunities for synergy can be identified and explored in model studies. IMAGE is used to explore the impacts of energy policies and the linkages with climate policies ([[Climate policy]]).  
The three energy goals represent trade-offs, but also opportunities for synergy, and model studies can help to identify and explore these. An important interaction is also with the climate policies discussed in Component [[Climate policy]].
 
Here, we focus on access to modern energy sources (affordable), and air pollution reduction (clean) and energy security (reliable). Energy security concerns may limit use of foreign supplies, with possible implications for domestic energy prices and environmental impacts. Access to modern energy generates additional demands for fuel and electricity with benefits for economic development, but may also lead to more energy imports. Outside air pollution from burning fossil fuels may increase, but phasing out traditional bioenergy will substantially reduce indoor air pollution, resulting in net health improvements. Currently, in some regions and cities burning fossil fuels and biomass contributes to severe and increasing levels of air pollution and associated health impacts, see also Component [[Air pollution and energy policies]].


The model focuses on energy security, access to modern energy sources, and air pollution reduction. Energy security concerns may limit use of foreign supplies, with possible implications for domestic energy prices and environmental impacts. Access to modern energy generates additional demands for fuel and electricity with benefits for economic development, but also leads to more energy imports. Outside air pollution from burning fossil fuels may increase, but phasing out traditional bio-energy will substantially reduce indoor air pollution, resulting in net health improvements. Currently in some regions and cities, burning fossil fuels and biomass contributes to severe and increasing levels of air pollution and associated health impacts, see also [[Land and biodiversity policies]].


==Model description==
==Model description==
Most processes in achieving energy goals are directly related to the IMAGE energy model ([[Energy supply and demand]]). The relationship of these processes to the goals formulated for energy systems is presented in the figure below, which also indicates measures to be taken in the system. 
Most processes relevant for energy policy goals are directly related to the IMAGE energy model (Section 4.1). The relationship of these processes to the goals formulated for energy systems is presented in Figure 8.2.1, which also provides examples of measures that can be taken in the system, and can be captured to some degree in the IMAGE system (see also the policy intervention Table).
{{DisplayFigureLeftOptimalTemplate|Flowchart APEP}}
{{DisplayFigureLeftOptimalTemplate|Flowchart APEP}}
|IMAGEComponent=Land and biodiversity policies; Climate policy;
|IMAGEComponent=Land and biodiversity policies; Climate policy;

Revision as of 16:11, 15 May 2014

link to framework components overview

Parts of Air pollution and energy policies

  1. Introduction page
  2. Policy issues
  3. Data, uncertainty and limitations
  4. Overview of references
Component is implemented in:
Related IMAGE components
Projects/Applications
Key publications
References
Linkages between goals and measures for energy access, energy security, climate change and air pollution
Flowchart Air pollution and energy policies. Linkages between components of the IMAGE system, energy policy objectives and possible policy measures.

Key policy issues

  • How do energy policies contribute to economic and social development, and how do they support or hamper a more sustainable future?
  • How can the goals for affordable, clean and reliable energy be achieved taking into account possible synergies and trade-offs?

Introduction


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