IMAGE - User contributions [en]

Reduction proposals (pledges)

2014-04-02T07:43:17Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=Evaluation of current reduction proposals by countries and policy options (for the next 10-20 years).
|Reference=European Commission, 2010; Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Den Elzen et al., 2011b; Den Elzen et al., 2012a; UNEP, 2012; Hof et al., 2013;
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
|EffectDescription=The pledges affect near-term regional emission reductions, thereby influencing mitigation costs.
}}

Financing climate policy

2014-04-02T07:41:53Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=There are several proposals for mobilising funds to finance climate policies. Some of these proposals, such a auctioning of emission allowances or a tax on emissions trading, can be evaluated in the climate policy module.
|Reference=Hof et al., 2009; Hof et al., 2011;
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
|EffectDescription=Implementation of climate financing proposals affect regional mitigation costs, as regions have to contribute to financing. The funds mobilised can be used to finance climate policies of the least developed regions.
}}

Emission trading policy

2014-04-02T07:37:07Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=Analysis of the effect of rules for trading emission credits on regional abatement costs.
|Reference=Den Elzen et al., 2008; Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Mendoza Beltrán et al., 2011;
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
|EffectDescription=Different rules for trading emission credits lead to different regional mitigation costs. Without any restrictions on emission trading, emission reductions take place wherever it is cheapest to do so and the differences between regional targets and actual domestic emissions is traded among regions.
}}

Effort- or burden-sharing of emission reductions

2014-04-02T07:32:56Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=Evaluation of burden-sharing or effort-sharing regimes. Who should contribute, when and by how much to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions?
|Reference=Den Elzen and Höhne, 2010; Den Elzen et al., 2012b; Hof et al., 2012;
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
|EffectDescription=The burden-sharing regime affects regional mitigation costs, as different burden-sharing rules lead to different emission reduction targets.
}}

Climate change adaptation

2014-04-02T07:25:14Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=Adaptation to climate change reduces climate damage. The model can optimally calculate the optimal adaptation level based on marginal adaptation costs and marginal avoided damage, but an alternative adaptation level can be used as well.
|Reference=Hof et al., 2009; Hof et al., 2010;
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
|EffectDescription=More adaptation increases adaptation costs, but reduces the damage resulting from climate change.
|Reference=De Bruin et al., 2009
}}

Carbon tax

2014-04-02T07:20:32Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Energy conversion; Energy demand; Climate policy;
|Description=A tax on carbon leads to higher fossil fuel prices, making low-carbon alternatives more attractive.
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy conversion
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy demand
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
|EffectDescription=In the climate policy component, the carbon tax leads to emission reductions via Marginal Abatement Cost (MAC) curves derived from the TIMER model.
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy supply
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Emissions
}}

Emission abatement

2014-04-02T07:01:33Z

AndriesHof:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Emission abatement
|Description=Greenhouse gas emission reduction
|Dimension=time, region
|Unit=tonne CO2equivalent
|VariableType=model (from/to model)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Mitigation costs

2014-04-02T06:54:18Z

AndriesHof:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Mitigation costs
|Description=Net costs of the measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
|Unit=US$ (2005) per year
|VariableType=model (end-indicator)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Carbon tax

2014-04-02T06:51:36Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Energy conversion; Energy demand; Climate policy;
|Description=A tax on carbon leads to higher fossil fuel prices, making low-carbon alternatives more attractive.
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy conversion
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy demand
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy supply
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Emissions
}}

Emission trading policy

2014-03-31T12:01:27Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=Analysis of regional abatement costs and emission trading. What contribution has trade in regional abatement (costs)?
|Reference=Den Elzen et al., 2008; Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Mendoza Beltrán et al., 2011;
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
}}

Reduction proposals (pledges)

2014-03-31T11:59:59Z

AndriesHof:

Climate change adaptation

2014-03-31T11:59:26Z

AndriesHof:

Climate change adaptation

2014-03-31T11:55:50Z

AndriesHof: AndriesHof moved page Mitigation and adaptation to Climate change adaptation

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=Evaluation of trade-offs between mitigation costs, adaptation costs and the benefits of reduced climate damage.
|Reference=Hof et al., 2008; Hof et al., 2009; Hof et al., 2010;
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
}}

Climate change adaptation

2014-03-31T11:55:33Z

AndriesHof:

Effort- or burden-sharing of emission reductions

2014-03-31T11:51:54Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=Evaluation of burden-sharing or effort-sharing regimes. Who should contribute, when and by how much to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions? What are the costs of emission reductions?
|Reference=Den Elzen and Höhne, 2010; Den Elzen et al., 2012b; Hof et al., 2012;
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
}}

Financing climate policy

2014-03-31T11:48:24Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=Financing mechanisms for climate policies.
|Reference=Hof et al., 2009; Hof et al., 2011;
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
}}

Emission trading policy

2014-03-31T11:47:11Z

AndriesHof:

Effort- or burden-sharing of emission reductions

2014-03-31T11:13:11Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=Evaluation of burden-sharing or effort-sharing regimes. Who should contribute, when and by how much to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions? What are the costs of emission reductions?
|Reference=Den Elzen and Höhne, 2010; Den Elzen et al., 2012b; Hof et al., 2012;
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Mitigation costs
}}

Effort- or burden-sharing of emission reductions

2014-03-31T11:12:20Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=Evaluation of burden-sharing or effort-sharing regimes. Who should contribute, when and by how much to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions? What are the costs of emission reductions?
|Reference=Den Elzen and Höhne, 2010; Den Elzen et al., 2012b; Hof et al., 2012;
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Mitigation cost
}}

Effort- or burden-sharing of emission reductions

2014-03-31T11:11:14Z

AndriesHof: AndriesHof moved page Effort and burden sharing to Effort- or burden-sharing of emission reductions

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Reference=Den Elzen and Höhne, 2010; Den Elzen et al., 2012b; Hof et al., 2012;
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=Evaluation of burden-sharing or effort-sharing regimes. Who should contribute, when and by how much to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions? What are the costs of emission reductions?
}}

Change the use of electricity and hydrogen

2014-03-31T11:06:38Z

AndriesHof: AndriesHof moved page Use of electricity and hydrogen to Change the use of electricity and hydrogen

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Energy conversion
|Description=It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level. Given the high flexibility in the choice of feedstock in these systems high shares of electricity and hydrogen use in final energy increase the ability of the total system to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in a mitigation scenario.
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy conversion
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy supply
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Emissions
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy demand
}}

Change the use of electricity and hydrogen

2014-03-31T11:06:22Z

AndriesHof:

Change the use of electricity and hydrogen

2014-03-31T11:05:54Z

AndriesHof:

Restrictions on fuel trade

2014-03-31T11:04:06Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Energy supply
|Description=As part of energy security policies, fuel trade between different regions can be blocked.
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy supply
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy conversion
}}

REDD policies

2014-03-31T11:03:12Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Agricultural economy and forestry
|Description=The protection of forests by REDD policies and its costs
|Reference=Overmars et al., 2012;
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Agricultural economy and forestry
|EffectDescription=Increases the cost for land expansion in certain regions, favouring the use of other external inputs to increase production.
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Emissions
}}

Production targets for energy technologies

2014-03-31T11:02:36Z

AndriesHof: AndriesHof moved page Production targets to Production targets for energy technologies

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Energy supply
|Description=Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve.
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy conversion
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy supply
}}

Production targets for energy technologies

2014-03-31T11:02:18Z

AndriesHof:

Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production

2014-03-31T11:00:33Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Energy supply; Land cover and use;
|Description=Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas.
|EnergyThemeItem=Energy demand (Energy)
|LanduseThemeItem=Agricultural land use (Land use); Degradation (Land use)
|NatureThemeItem=Terrestrial biodiversity (NB)
|ClimateThemeItem=Climate mitigation (Climate)
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy supply
|EffectDescription=Application of sustainability criteria for bio-energy production, reduces the areas potentially suitable for the cultivation of bio-energy crops, and consequently the marginal costs of bio-energy use ?????? CHECK!!
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Terrestrial biodiversity
|EffectDescription=Sustainability criteria limit the use of land for bio-energy cultivation and therefore reduce pressures on biodiversity from climate policies (via bio-energy production).
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Emissions
}}

Implementation of biofuel targets

2014-03-31T10:59:41Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Agricultural economy and forestry
|Description=Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy and forestry component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy.
|Reference=Banse et al., 2008
|EnergyThemeItem=Energy demand (Energy); Energy system (Energy); Other energy (Energy)
|LanduseThemeItem=Agricultural land use (Land use)
|NatureThemeItem=Eco goods and services (NB); Land cover (NB); Other nature and biodiversity (NB)
|ClimateThemeItem=Climate mitigation (Climate)
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Agricultural economy and forestry
|EffectDescription=Obligatory biofuel blending increases the demand for biofuel crops, e.g. maize and oil crops, which causes higher prices. Secondly, production will be increased and/or demand for food will decrease, due to these higher prices. Production can be increased by increasing external inputs, labour or land expansion.
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Agricultural systems
|EffectDescription=Targets for biofuel production/blending impact agricultural production and consequently land use.
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Terrestrial biodiversity
|EffectDescription=Targets for biofuel production/blending impact terrestrial biodiversity in two ways. Firstly, land used for biofuel crops usually has a negative impact on biodiversity. Secondly, mitigated climate change - due to the use of biofuels - probably has a positive impact on future biodiversity (change).
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy supply
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Emissions
}}

Implementation of biofuel targets

2014-03-31T10:59:13Z

AndriesHof:

Excluding certain technologies

2014-03-31T10:57:55Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Energy conversion
|Description=Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons
|Reference=Kruyt et al., 2009
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy conversion
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Emissions
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy supply
}}

Capacity targets

2014-03-31T10:56:37Z

AndriesHof: AndriesHof moved page Change generarion capacity to Change generation capacity

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Energy conversion
|Description=It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure directly influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy conversion
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Emissions
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy supply
}}

Change market shares of fuel types

2014-03-31T10:55:55Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Energy demand
|Description=Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen.
|Reference=van Ruijven et al., 2007
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy conversion
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy demand
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Emissions
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy supply
}}

Capacity targets

2014-03-31T10:54:15Z

AndriesHof:

Capacity targets

2014-03-31T10:49:24Z

AndriesHof:

Capacity targets

2014-03-31T10:48:37Z

AndriesHof: AndriesHof moved page Generarion capacity to Change generarion capacity

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Energy conversion
|Description=It is also possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure directly influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen
}}

Change market shares of fuel types

2014-03-31T10:47:28Z

AndriesHof: AndriesHof moved page Fuel types to Change market shares of fuel types

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Reference=van Ruijven et al., 2007
|Component=Energy demand
|Description=Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen.
}}

Excluding certain technologies

2014-03-31T10:44:51Z

AndriesHof:

Excluding certain technologies

2014-03-31T10:43:07Z

AndriesHof: AndriesHof moved page Excluding options to Energy technology choice

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Reference=Kruyt et al., 2009
|Component=Energy conversion
|Description=Certain options can be excluded in the model for environmental and/or security reasons
}}

Improving energy efficiency

2014-03-31T10:40:14Z

AndriesHof: AndriesHof moved page Efficiency levels to Improving energy efficiency

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Energy demand
|Description=Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels.
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy demand
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Emissions
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy supply
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy conversion
}}

Improving energy efficiency

2014-03-31T10:38:58Z

AndriesHof:

Carbon tax

2014-03-31T10:34:33Z

AndriesHof:

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Component=Energy conversion; Energy demand; Climate policy;
|Description=This measure is usually enacted at an economy-wide level, but it has a very strong influence on the choices in the power system. One reason is that relatively low energy taxes are usually enacted at the moment on power system feedstock. Secondly, there are several competitive alternatives in the power system. Finally, the choices in the power system are usually rather price sensitive.
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy conversion
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy demand
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Climate policy
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Energy supply
}}
{{PolicyInterventionEffectTemplate
|EffectOnComponent=Emissions
}}

Carbon tax

2014-03-31T10:30:36Z

AndriesHof:

Emission trading policy

2014-03-31T10:00:02Z

AndriesHof: AndriesHof moved page Emission trading (policy intervention) to Emission trading policy

{{PolicyInterventionTemplate
|Reference=Den Elzen et al., 2008; Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Mendoza Beltrán et al., 2011;
|Component=Climate policy
|Description=Analysis of regional abatement costs and emission trading. What contribution has trade in regional abatement (costs)?
}}