IMAGE - User contributions [en]

SO2 emissions

2014-03-12T12:09:43Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=SO2 emission
|Description=SO2 emissions (for example from combustion of fossil fuels).
|Dimension=time, region
|Unit=tonne SO2 per year
|VariableType=model (from/to model)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Non-CO2 GHG emissions (CH4, N2O and Halocarbons)

2014-03-12T12:07:40Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Non CO2 GHG emissions (CH4, N2O, Halocarbon)
|Description=Non CO2 GHG emissions (CH4, N2O, Halocarbon)
|Dimension=time, region
|Unit=tonne per year
|VariableType=model (from/to model)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

SO2 emissions

2014-03-12T12:06:57Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=SO2 emission
|Description=SO2 emission
|Dimension=time, region
|Unit=tonne SO2 per year
|VariableType=model (from/to model)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

SO2 emissions

2014-03-12T12:06:37Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=SO2 emission
|Description=SO2 emission
|Dimension=time, region
|Unit=tonne SO2
|VariableType=model (from/to model)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Mitigation costs

2014-03-12T12:04:31Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Mitigation costs
|Description=Costs of the measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
|Unit=US$ (2005) per year
|VariableType=model (end-indicator)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Consumption loss

2014-03-12T12:03:42Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Consumption loss
|Description=Consumption loss due to mitigation and adaptation costs and residual damage
|Unit=US$ (2005) per year or percentage (%)
|VariableType=model (end-indicator)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Adaptation costs

2014-03-12T12:03:02Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Adaptation costs
|Description=for adaptation measures which aim to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems against actual or expected climate change effects
|Unit=US$ (2005) per year or share of GDP
|VariableType=model (end-indicator)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Domestic climate policy

2014-03-12T12:02:11Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Climate policies
|Description=Planned and/or implemented domestic climate and energy policies on country level (for instance taxes, feed-in tariffs, renewable targets, efficiency standards) that have an impact on the projected emissions
|Unit=US$ (2005) per year or percentage (%)
|VariableType=driver
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=Environmental and other policies
|BasedOn=Own assumptions
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Adaptation level

2014-03-12T12:01:41Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Adaptation level
|Description=The level of adaptation to climate change, defined as the share of climate change damage avoided by adaptation. This level can either be calculated by the model to an optimal level so that the sum of adaptation costs and residual damage are mimimised, or to a level set by the user.
|Unit=US$ (2005) per year
|VariableType=driver
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Marginal abatement cost

2014-03-12T12:01:03Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Marginal abatement cost
|Description=The cost of one additional unit or ton of pollution (here CO2eq) that is abated. A marginal abatement cost curve (or MAC curve) is a set of options available to an economy to reduce pollution ranging from the lowest to highest additional costs.
|Dimension=time, region
|Unit=US$ (2005) per year
|VariableType=model (from/to model)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
|ExternalModelDriver=
}}

Domestic climate policy

2014-03-12T11:56:20Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Climate policies
|Description=Planned and/or implemented domestic climate and energy policies on country level (for instance taxes, feed-in tariffs, renewable targets, efficiency standards) that have an impact on the projected emissions
|Unit=Different units (US$ 2005 or percentage (%))
|VariableType=driver
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=Environmental and other policies
|BasedOn=Own assumptions
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Equity principles

2014-03-12T11:55:43Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Equity principles
|Description=Effort-sharing approaches are based on equity principles, i.e. general concepts of distributive justice or fairness. Three major equity principles are: Responsibility (historical contribution to warming), Capability (ability to pay for mitigation) and Equality (equal emissions allowances per capita).
|Unit=Percentage (%)
|VariableType=driver
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=Environmental and other policies
|BasedOn=Expert judgement
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Residual damage

2014-03-12T11:54:11Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal: Created page with "{{VariableTemplate |Label=Residual damage |Description=Climate change damage that remains after adaptation |Unit=US$ 2005 |VariableType=model (end-indicator) |Source2= |BasedO..."

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Residual damage
|Description=Climate change damage that remains after adaptation
|Unit=US$ 2005
|VariableType=model (end-indicator)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
}}

Consumption loss

2014-03-12T11:53:19Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Consumption loss
|Description=Consumption loss due to mitigation and adaptation costs and residual damage
|Unit=US$ 2005 or percentage (%)
|VariableType=model (end-indicator)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Mitigation costs

2014-03-12T11:49:44Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Mitigation costs
|Description=Costs of the measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
|Unit=US$ 2005
|VariableType=model (end-indicator)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Global emission pathways

2014-03-12T11:49:00Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Global emission pathways
|Description=Global emission pathways that achieve a long-term climate target
|Unit=Multiple units possible: tonne Co2 equivalent / ppm / W/m2
|VariableType=model (end-indicator)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Global emission pathways

2014-03-12T11:48:38Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Global emission pathways
|Description=Global emission pathways that achieve a long-term climate target
|Unit=multiple units: tonne Co2 equivalent / ppm / W/m2
|VariableType=model (end-indicator)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Emission trading

2014-03-12T11:46:50Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Emission trading
|Description=The total emissions credits that are traded between regions
|Unit=Mt CO2 equivalent
|VariableType=model (end-indicator)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Emission abatement

2014-03-12T11:43:30Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Emission abatement
|Description=Greenhouse gas emission reduction expressed in tonne CO2eq
|Dimension=time, region
|Unit=tonne CO2equivalent
|VariableType=model (from/to model)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Consumption loss

2014-03-12T11:42:39Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Consumption loss
|Description=Consumption loss due to mitigation and adaptation costs and residual damage
|Unit=US$ 2005
|VariableType=model (end-indicator)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Carbon price

2014-03-12T11:38:45Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Carbon price
|Description=Carbon price on the international trading market (in USD2005 per tonne CO2eq) calculated from aggregated regional permit demand and supply curves. These curves are derived from marginal abatement costs.
|Dimension=time, region
|Unit=US$2005 per tonne CO2eq
|VariableType=model (from/to model)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Adaptation costs

2014-03-12T11:37:23Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Adaptation costs
|Description=for adaptation measures which aim to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems against actual or expected climate change effects
|Unit=US$ 2005 or share of GDP
|VariableType=model (end-indicator)
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Other energy and land-use models

2014-03-12T11:35:30Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Description=Emission projections and marginal abatement costs curves can also be based on external models, such as the IIASA land use models or POLES database.
|Unit=none
|VariableType=external parameter
|Source2=IIASA database; POLES database
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
}}

Other energy and land-use models

2014-03-12T11:34:07Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Description=Emission projections and marginal abatement costs curves can also be based on external models, such as the IIASA land use models.
|Unit=none
|VariableType=external parameter
|Source2=IIASA database;
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
}}

Other energy and land-use models

2014-03-12T11:31:10Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Description=Emission projections and marginal abatement costs curves can also be based on external models, such as the IIASA land use models.
|Unit=none
|VariableType=external parameter
|DriverGroup=
|Source=
|BasedOn=
|Reference=
|Source3=
}}

Equity principles

2014-03-12T11:29:16Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Equity principles
|Description=Effort-sharing approaches are based on equity principles, i.e. general concepts of distributive justice or fairness. Three major equity principles are: Responsibility (historical contribution to warming), Capability (ability to pay for mitigation) and Equality (equal emissions allowances per capita).
|Unit=Percentage
|VariableType=driver
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=Environmental and other policies
|BasedOn=Expert judgement
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Domestic climate policy

2014-03-12T11:29:09Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Climate policies
|Description=Planned and/or implemented domestic climate and energy policies on country level (for instance taxes, feed-in tariffs, renewable targets, efficiency standards) that have an impact on the projected emissions
|Unit=Different units (US$ 2005 or percentage)
|VariableType=driver
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=Environmental and other policies
|BasedOn=Own assumptions
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Climate target

2014-03-12T11:26:45Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Climate target
|Description=Climate targets are defined in terms of concentration levels, radiative forcing, temperature targets, or cumulative emissions
|Unit=Different units: respectively: ppm / w/m2 / degrees celcius / Gigatonnes CO2 equivalents
|VariableType=driver
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=Environmental and other policies
|BasedOn=Own assumptions
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Domestic climate policy

2014-03-12T11:26:04Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Climate policies
|Description=Planned and/or implemented domestic climate and energy policies on country level (for instance taxes, feed-in tariffs, renewable targets, efficiency standards) that have an impact on the projected emissions
|Unit=Different units (US$ 2005 or %)
|VariableType=driver
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=Environmental and other policies
|BasedOn=Own assumptions
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Climate target

2014-03-12T11:24:23Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Climate target
|Description=Climate targets are defined in terms of concentration levels, radiative forcing, temperature targets, or cumulative emissions
|Unit=ppm; w/m2; degrees celcius; Gigatonnes CO2 equivalents
|VariableType=driver
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|DriverGroup=Environmental and other policies
|BasedOn=Own assumptions
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

Adaptation level

2014-03-12T11:18:41Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{VariableTemplate
|Label=Adaptation level
|Description=The level of adaptation to climate change, defined as the share of climate change damage avoided by adaptation. This level can either be calculated by the model to an optimal level so that the sum of adaptation costs and residual damage are mimimised, or to a level set by the user.
|Unit=US$ 2005
|VariableType=driver
|Source2=
|BasedOn2=
|Reference2=
|Source3=
|Reference2=
|ExternalModel=
}}

AD RICE model

2014-03-12T11:05:37Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComputerModelTemplate
|Subject=Damage and adaptaptation costs
|Description=The AD-RICE model estimates damage and adaptation costs resulting from the damage of climate change. Total damage costs are the sum of adaptation costs and residual damage costs (unavoided damage).
|ExternalURL=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-008-9535-5
|Reference=De Bruin et al., 2009; Hof et al., 2009;
|FrameworkRelation=used model
|Component=
}}

AD RICE model

2014-03-12T11:04:50Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComputerModelTemplate
|Subject=Damage and adaptaptation costs
|Description=The AD-RICE model estimates damage and adaptation costs resulting from the damage of climate change. Total damage costs are the sum of adaptation costs and residual damage costs (unavoided damage).
|ExternalURL=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10584-008-9535-5
|Reference=Hof et al., 2009; De Bruin et al., 2009;
|FrameworkRelation=used model
|Component=
}}

Climate policy/Description

2013-12-18T15:35:56Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComponentDescriptionTemplate
|Status=On hold
|Reference=Enerdata, 2010; Kindermann et al., 2008; Den Elzen et al., 2007; Van Vuuren et al., 2011; Meinshausen et al., 2011c; Hof et al., 2013; Hof et al., 2012; Den Elzen et al., 2012b; Den Elzen et al., 2012c; Den Elzen et al., 2011b; Hof et al., 2010; Hof et al., 2009; Roelfsema et al., 2013a; Roelfsema et al., 2013b; Den Elzen et al., 2013; De Bruin et al., 2009;
|Description=In contrast to some of the other models in the IMAGE framework, [[FAIR model|FAIR]] is often used as a stand-alone model. However, if it is used as an integral part of the IMAGE framework, the model is tightly coupled to other parts of the framework.

The FAIR model consists of the following six linked modules (see figure Model scheme of FAIR):

# The global pathfinder module calculates cost-optimal global pathways for achieving long-term climate targets;
# The policy evaluation module calculates the emission levels for 2020 and beyond, resulting from national pledges and domestic climate mitigation plans;
# The effort-sharing module calculates regional and national emissions allowances or reduction targets, based on a wide range of equity principles, hence, sharing a global emissions target;
# The mitigation costs module calculates the level of emissions trading and abatement costs with flexible assumptions on regional carbon market participation, based on the information from the effort-sharing module or policy evaluation module;
# The damage and cost-benefit module calculates consumption losses resulting from climate change damage, adaptation costs, and mitigation costs, under a specified level of adaptation.

Input for the modules consists of baseline scenarios on population, GDP and emissions, as calculated by the IMAGE modelling framework. Emissions are from all major sources and include all six Kyoto greenhouse gases. Marginal abatement cost ([[HasAcronym::MAC]]) curves describing mitigation potential and costs of greenhouse gas emission reductions are derived from the TIMER energy model and the IMAGE land-use model. The MAC curves take into account a wide range of options, including carbon plantations, carbon capture and storage ([[HasAcronym::CCS]]), bio, wind and solar energy, and energy efficiency and technological improvements. In addition, FAIR can also use emission projections and MACs from other models, such as the POLES energy system model [[POLES database]] ([[Enerdata, 2010]]) and the [[IIASA database]] ([[Kindermann et al., 2008]]), to assess the sensitivity of the outcomes to these main inputs.

The modules are described in more detail below.

===Global pathfinder and climate module===
The pathfinder module [[FAIR-SiMCaP model|FAIR-SiMCaP*]] calculates global emission pathways that satisfy a long-term climate target ([[Den Elzen et al., 2007]]; [[Van Vliet et al., 2009]]; [[Van Vuuren et al., 2011]]) . Input are climate targets that are defined in terms of concentration levels, radiative forcing, temperature, or cumulative emissions. Intermediate restrictions on overshoot levels or intermediate emission targets representing climate policy progress also can be included. The model combines the mitigation costs model of FAIR and a module that minimises cumulative discounted mitigation costs by varying the timing of emission reductions. For the climate calculations, FAIR-SiMCaP uses the [[MAGICC model|MAGICC]] 6 model, with parameter settings calibrated to reproduce the medium response in terms of time scale and amplitude of 19 [[IPCC]] [[AR|AR4]] General Circulation Models ([[Meinshausen et al., 2011c]]).

===Policy evaluation module===
The policy evaluation module calculates emission levels resulting from the pledges and mitigation actions submitted by developed and developing countries as part of the 2010 [[UNFCCC]] Cancún Agreements (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2013]]; [[Hof et al., 2013]]). This module also analyses the impact of planned and/or implemented domestic mitigation policies, such as carbon taxes, feed-in tariffs and renewable targets, on national emissions by 2020, to determine whether countries are on track to achieve their reduction pledges ([[Roelfsema et al., 2013a]]; [[Roelfsema et al., 2013b]]). For this purpose, it uses a wide range of evaluation tools, which have been developed in cooperation with [[IIASA]] and [[ECOFYS]], such as tools for analysing policy options for addressing land-use credits and surplus emissions.

===Effort-sharing module===
The effort-sharing module calculates emission targets for regions and countries, resulting from different emission allocation or effort-sharing schemes (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2012b]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2012c]]; [[Hof et al., 2012]]). Such schemes start either at the global allowed emission level, after which a certain effort-sharing approach allocates emission allowances across regions, or at the required global reduction level, after which various effort-sharing approaches allocate regional emission reduction targets. Both these approaches use information from the global pathfinder and climate module on the required global emission level or emission reductions. As an alternative, emission allowances can be allocated to regions without a predefined global (reduction) target, based on different effort-sharing approaches. Effort-sharing approaches included in the model are Contraction & Convergence, common-but-differentiated convergence and a multi-stage approach.

===Mitigation costs module===
The mitigation costs module is used for calculating the regional mitigation costs of achieving the targets calculated in the policy evaluation and/or the effort-sharing module, and to determine the buyers and sellers on the international emissions trading market (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2008]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2011a]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2011b]]). As input, the model uses regional, gas- and source-specific MAC curves, which reflect the additional costs of abating one extra tonne of CO2 equivalent emissions. In this way, the MAC curves describe the potential and costs of the different abatement options considered. The model uses aggregated regional permit demand and supply curves, derived from the MAC curves, to calculate the equilibrium permit price on the international trading market, its buyers and sellers, and the resulting domestic and external abatement per region. The design of the emissions trading market can include constraints on imports and exports of emission permits, non-competitive behaviour, transaction costs associated with the use of emission trading, a less than fully efficient supply of viable [[CDM]] projects with respect to their operational availability, and the banking of surplus emission allowances.

===Damage and cost-benefit module===
The damage and cost-benefit module calculates the consumption loss resulting from the damage of climate change, and compares these with the consumption losses of adaptation and mitigation costs (for instance, [[Hof et al., 2008]]; [[Hof et al., 2009]]; [[Hof et al., 2010]]). The estimates on adaptation costs and residual damage were based on the [[AD RICE model]] ([[De Bruin et al., 2009]]). The [[AD RICE model]] estimates adaptation costs based on total damage projections by the [[RICE model]]. These total damage projections include both adaptation costs and residual damage. Calibration of the regional adaptation cost functions was based on an assessment of each impact category described in the RICE model, using relevant literature, supplemented with expert judgement where necessary. The optimal level of adaptation can be calculated by the model, but the level of adaptation may also be set to a non-optimal level by the user. Consumption losses are estimated based on a simple [[Cobb-Douglas economic growth model]]. First, this model, for each region, is separately calibrated to the exogenous GDP path. Next, damage, adaptation costs and abatement costs are subtracted from investment or consumption to determine the effect on consumption (directly by replacing consumption or indirectly by replacing investments).
}}

Climate policy

2013-12-18T15:32:16Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComponentTemplate2
|ComponentCode=CP
|FrameworkElementType=response component
|Status=On hold
|IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Emissions; Energy supply; Energy conversion; Energy supply and demand; Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture; Atmospheric composition and climate;
|ExternalModel=MAGICC model; AD RICE model; TIMER model; POLES database; IIASA database;
|KeyReference=Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Den Elzen et al., 2008; Hof et al., 2008; Van Vliet et al., 2009;
|InputVar=Population per Region; GDP per capita; CO2, other GHG, CO, NMVOC emissions; Marginal abatement cost; Climate policies; Marginal abatement cost;
|Description=In the United Nations climate negotiations, urgent action was called for to limit global warming to 2 °C. In order to achieve this climate goal, countries have proposed short- and long-term actions, both within the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]] climate negotiating process and in domestic policies. To support climate policymakers, the IMAGE model is able to quantitatively evaluate and address different kinds of policy questions. For this, the IMAGE model is mostly used in conjunction with the [[FAIR model]]. The FAIR model is a decision-support tool to analyse the costs, benefits, and climate effects of mitigation regimes, emission reduction commitments, and climate policies.

FAIR interacts with various parts of the core IMAGE model: mitigation cost curves for the energy sector are derived from the energy [[TIMER model]] (see also [[Energy supply and demand]]) and land-use-related mitigation options are formed by the earth system model ([[Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture]]). Information from FAIR on marginal abatement costs and reduction efforts per sector and greenhouse gas are used as input into IMAGE to evaluate the impacts under different climate mitigation assumptions. FAIR and the IMAGE core share the same simple climate model ([[Atmospheric composition and climate]]).

The FAIR model, in combination with the rest of the IMAGE framework, is able to analyse the interaction between long-term climate targets and short-term regional emission objectives. Regional emission objectives are based on effort-sharing approaches and/or national emission reduction proposals, taking into account decisions on accounting rules as agreed under the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]]. The calculation of mitigation costs and trade in emission allowances, together making up the net mitigation costs of a region to achieve its mitigation target, are a central part of the model. FAIR allows for an evaluation of proposed effort-sharing regimes, including differentiated timing and participation of a limited number of parties to the climate convention. Furthermore, FAIR analyses the trade-offs between costs and benefits of mitigation and adaptation policy.
}}

IIASA database

2013-12-18T15:31:19Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal: Created page with "{{ComputerModelTemplate |Subject=Land-use |Description=The IIASA model (GLOBIOM) is a global recursively dynamic partial equilibrium model integrating the agricultural, bioene..."

{{ComputerModelTemplate
|Subject=Land-use
|Description=The IIASA model (GLOBIOM) is a global recursively dynamic partial equilibrium model integrating the agricultural, bioenergy and forestry sectors with the aim to give policy advice on global issues concerning land use competition between the major land-based production sectors.

|Creator=IIASA
|ExternalURL=http://webarchive.iiasa.ac.at/Research/FOR/globiom.html?sb=12
|FrameworkRelation=used data source
|Component=
}}

Climate policy

2013-12-18T15:29:01Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComponentTemplate2
|ComponentCode=CP
|FrameworkElementType=response component
|Status=On hold
|IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Emissions; Energy supply; Energy conversion; Energy supply and demand; Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture; Atmospheric composition and climate;
|ExternalModel=MAGICC model; AD RICE model; TIMER model; POLES database; IIASA database; IIASA database
|KeyReference=Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Den Elzen et al., 2008; Hof et al., 2008; Van Vliet et al., 2009;
|InputVar=Population per Region; GDP per capita; CO2, other GHG, CO, NMVOC emissions; Marginal abatement cost; Climate policies; Marginal abatement cost;
|Description=In the United Nations climate negotiations, urgent action was called for to limit global warming to 2 °C. In order to achieve this climate goal, countries have proposed short- and long-term actions, both within the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]] climate negotiating process and in domestic policies. To support climate policymakers, the IMAGE model is able to quantitatively evaluate and address different kinds of policy questions. For this, the IMAGE model is mostly used in conjunction with the [[FAIR model]]. The FAIR model is a decision-support tool to analyse the costs, benefits, and climate effects of mitigation regimes, emission reduction commitments, and climate policies.

FAIR interacts with various parts of the core IMAGE model: mitigation cost curves for the energy sector are derived from the energy [[TIMER model]] (see also [[Energy supply and demand]]) and land-use-related mitigation options are formed by the earth system model ([[Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture]]). Information from FAIR on marginal abatement costs and reduction efforts per sector and greenhouse gas are used as input into IMAGE to evaluate the impacts under different climate mitigation assumptions. FAIR and the IMAGE core share the same simple climate model ([[Atmospheric composition and climate]]).

The FAIR model, in combination with the rest of the IMAGE framework, is able to analyse the interaction between long-term climate targets and short-term regional emission objectives. Regional emission objectives are based on effort-sharing approaches and/or national emission reduction proposals, taking into account decisions on accounting rules as agreed under the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]]. The calculation of mitigation costs and trade in emission allowances, together making up the net mitigation costs of a region to achieve its mitigation target, are a central part of the model. FAIR allows for an evaluation of proposed effort-sharing regimes, including differentiated timing and participation of a limited number of parties to the climate convention. Furthermore, FAIR analyses the trade-offs between costs and benefits of mitigation and adaptation policy.
}}

Enerdata Global Energy & CO2 Data weggooien

2013-12-18T15:28:14Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComputerModelTemplate
|Subject=POLES database
|Creator=CNRS-LEPII, Enerdata, EU-JRC-IPTS
|ExternalURL=http://www.enerdata.net/enerdatauk/solutions/energy-models/poles-model.php
|FrameworkRelation=used data source
|Component=
}}

Climate policy

2013-12-18T15:20:05Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComponentTemplate2
|ComponentCode=CP
|FrameworkElementType=response component
|Status=On hold
|IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Emissions; Energy supply; Energy conversion; Energy supply and demand; Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture; Atmospheric composition and climate;
|ExternalModel=MAGICC model; AD RICE model; TIMER model; POLES database; IIASA database
|KeyReference=Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Den Elzen et al., 2008; Hof et al., 2008; Van Vliet et al., 2009;
|InputVar=Population per Region; GDP per capita; CO2, other GHG, CO, NMVOC emissions; Marginal abatement cost; Climate policies; Marginal abatement cost;
|Description=In the United Nations climate negotiations, urgent action was called for to limit global warming to 2 °C. In order to achieve this climate goal, countries have proposed short- and long-term actions, both within the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]] climate negotiating process and in domestic policies. To support climate policymakers, the IMAGE model is able to quantitatively evaluate and address different kinds of policy questions. For this, the IMAGE model is mostly used in conjunction with the [[FAIR model]]. The FAIR model is a decision-support tool to analyse the costs, benefits, and climate effects of mitigation regimes, emission reduction commitments, and climate policies.

FAIR interacts with various parts of the core IMAGE model: mitigation cost curves for the energy sector are derived from the energy [[TIMER model]] (see also [[Energy supply and demand]]) and land-use-related mitigation options are formed by the earth system model ([[Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture]]). Information from FAIR on marginal abatement costs and reduction efforts per sector and greenhouse gas are used as input into IMAGE to evaluate the impacts under different climate mitigation assumptions. FAIR and the IMAGE core share the same simple climate model ([[Atmospheric composition and climate]]).

The FAIR model, in combination with the rest of the IMAGE framework, is able to analyse the interaction between long-term climate targets and short-term regional emission objectives. Regional emission objectives are based on effort-sharing approaches and/or national emission reduction proposals, taking into account decisions on accounting rules as agreed under the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]]. The calculation of mitigation costs and trade in emission allowances, together making up the net mitigation costs of a region to achieve its mitigation target, are a central part of the model. FAIR allows for an evaluation of proposed effort-sharing regimes, including differentiated timing and participation of a limited number of parties to the climate convention. Furthermore, FAIR analyses the trade-offs between costs and benefits of mitigation and adaptation policy.
}}

Climate policy

2013-12-18T15:08:43Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComponentTemplate2
|ComponentCode=CP
|FrameworkElementType=response component
|Status=On hold
|IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Emissions; Energy supply; Energy conversion; Energy supply and demand; Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture; Atmospheric composition and climate;
|ExternalModel=MAGICC model; AD RICE model; TIMER model
|KeyReference=Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Den Elzen et al., 2008; Hof et al., 2008; Van Vliet et al., 2009;
|InputVar=Population per Region; GDP per capita; CO2, other GHG, CO, NMVOC emissions; Marginal abatement cost; Climate policies; Marginal abatement cost;
|Description=In the United Nations climate negotiations, urgent action was called for to limit global warming to 2 °C. In order to achieve this climate goal, countries have proposed short- and long-term actions, both within the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]] climate negotiating process and in domestic policies. To support climate policymakers, the IMAGE model is able to quantitatively evaluate and address different kinds of policy questions. For this, the IMAGE model is mostly used in conjunction with the [[FAIR model]]. The FAIR model is a decision-support tool to analyse the costs, benefits, and climate effects of mitigation regimes, emission reduction commitments, and climate policies.

FAIR interacts with various parts of the core IMAGE model: mitigation cost curves for the energy sector are derived from the energy [[TIMER model]] (see also [[Energy supply and demand]]) and land-use-related mitigation options are formed by the earth system model ([[Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture]]). Information from FAIR on marginal abatement costs and reduction efforts per sector and greenhouse gas are used as input into IMAGE to evaluate the impacts under different climate mitigation assumptions. FAIR and the IMAGE core share the same simple climate model ([[Atmospheric composition and climate]]).

The FAIR model, in combination with the rest of the IMAGE framework, is able to analyse the interaction between long-term climate targets and short-term regional emission objectives. Regional emission objectives are based on effort-sharing approaches and/or national emission reduction proposals, taking into account decisions on accounting rules as agreed under the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]]. The calculation of mitigation costs and trade in emission allowances, together making up the net mitigation costs of a region to achieve its mitigation target, are a central part of the model. FAIR allows for an evaluation of proposed effort-sharing regimes, including differentiated timing and participation of a limited number of parties to the climate convention. Furthermore, FAIR analyses the trade-offs between costs and benefits of mitigation and adaptation policy.
}}

RICE model

2013-12-18T15:07:22Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal: Created page with "see AD RICE model"

see [[AD RICE model]]

Climate policy/Description

2013-12-18T15:06:31Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComponentDescriptionTemplate
|Status=On hold
|Reference=Enerdata, 2010; Kindermann et al., 2008; Den Elzen et al., 2007; Van Vuuren et al., 2011; Meinshausen et al., 2011c; Hof et al., 2013; Hof et al., 2012; Den Elzen et al., 2012b; Den Elzen et al., 2012c; Den Elzen et al., 2011b; Hof et al., 2010; Hof et al., 2009; Roelfsema et al., 2013a; Roelfsema et al., 2013b; Den Elzen et al., 2013; De Bruin et al., 2009;
|Description=In contrast to some of the other models in the IMAGE framework, [[FAIR model|FAIR]] is often used as a stand-alone model. However, if it is used as an integral part of the IMAGE framework, the model is tightly coupled to other parts of the framework.

The FAIR model consists of the following six linked modules (see figure Model scheme of FAIR):

# The global pathfinder module calculates cost-optimal global pathways for achieving long-term climate targets;
# The policy evaluation module calculates the emission levels for 2020 and beyond, resulting from national pledges and domestic climate mitigation plans;
# The effort-sharing module calculates regional and national emissions allowances or reduction targets, based on a wide range of equity principles, hence, sharing a global emissions target;
# The mitigation costs module calculates the level of emissions trading and abatement costs with flexible assumptions on regional carbon market participation, based on the information from the effort-sharing module or policy evaluation module;
# The damage and cost-benefit module calculates consumption losses resulting from climate change damage, adaptation costs, and mitigation costs, under a specified level of adaptation.

Input for the modules consists of baseline scenarios on population, GDP and emissions, as calculated by the IMAGE modelling framework. Emissions are from all major sources and include all six Kyoto greenhouse gases. Marginal abatement cost ([[HasAcronym::MAC]]) curves describing mitigation potential and costs of greenhouse gas emission reductions are derived from the TIMER energy model and the IMAGE land-use model. The MAC curves take into account a wide range of options, including carbon plantations, carbon capture and storage ([[HasAcronym::CCS]]), bio, wind and solar energy, and energy efficiency and technological improvements. In addition, FAIR can also use emission projections and MACs from other models, such as the [[POLES model|POLES energy system model**]] ([[Enerdata, 2010]]) and [[**IIASA land-use models]] ([[Kindermann et al., 2008]]), to assess the sensitivity of the outcomes to these main inputs.

The modules are described in more detail below.

===Global pathfinder and climate module===
The pathfinder module [[FAIR-SiMCaP model|FAIR-SiMCaP*]] calculates global emission pathways that satisfy a long-term climate target ([[Den Elzen et al., 2007]]; [[Van Vliet et al., 2009]]; [[Van Vuuren et al., 2011]]) . Input are climate targets that are defined in terms of concentration levels, radiative forcing, temperature, or cumulative emissions. Intermediate restrictions on overshoot levels or intermediate emission targets representing climate policy progress also can be included. The model combines the mitigation costs model of FAIR and a module that minimises cumulative discounted mitigation costs by varying the timing of emission reductions. For the climate calculations, FAIR-SiMCaP uses the [[MAGICC model|MAGICC]] 6 model, with parameter settings calibrated to reproduce the medium response in terms of time scale and amplitude of 19 [[IPCC]] [[AR|AR4]] General Circulation Models ([[Meinshausen et al., 2011c]]).

===Policy evaluation module===
The policy evaluation module calculates emission levels resulting from the pledges and mitigation actions submitted by developed and developing countries as part of the 2010 [[UNFCCC]] Cancún Agreements (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2013]]; [[Hof et al., 2013]]). This module also analyses the impact of planned and/or implemented domestic mitigation policies, such as carbon taxes, feed-in tariffs and renewable targets, on national emissions by 2020, to determine whether countries are on track to achieve their reduction pledges ([[Roelfsema et al., 2013a]]; [[Roelfsema et al., 2013b]]). For this purpose, it uses a wide range of evaluation tools, which have been developed in cooperation with [[IIASA]] and [[ECOFYS]], such as tools for analysing policy options for addressing land-use credits and surplus emissions.

===Effort-sharing module===
The effort-sharing module calculates emission targets for regions and countries, resulting from different emission allocation or effort-sharing schemes (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2012b]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2012c]]; [[Hof et al., 2012]]). Such schemes start either at the global allowed emission level, after which a certain effort-sharing approach allocates emission allowances across regions, or at the required global reduction level, after which various effort-sharing approaches allocate regional emission reduction targets. Both these approaches use information from the global pathfinder and climate module on the required global emission level or emission reductions. As an alternative, emission allowances can be allocated to regions without a predefined global (reduction) target, based on different effort-sharing approaches. Effort-sharing approaches included in the model are Contraction & Convergence, common-but-differentiated convergence and a multi-stage approach.

===Mitigation costs module===
The mitigation costs module is used for calculating the regional mitigation costs of achieving the targets calculated in the policy evaluation and/or the effort-sharing module, and to determine the buyers and sellers on the international emissions trading market (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2008]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2011a]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2011b]]). As input, the model uses regional, gas- and source-specific MAC curves, which reflect the additional costs of abating one extra tonne of CO2 equivalent emissions. In this way, the MAC curves describe the potential and costs of the different abatement options considered. The model uses aggregated regional permit demand and supply curves, derived from the MAC curves, to calculate the equilibrium permit price on the international trading market, its buyers and sellers, and the resulting domestic and external abatement per region. The design of the emissions trading market can include constraints on imports and exports of emission permits, non-competitive behaviour, transaction costs associated with the use of emission trading, a less than fully efficient supply of viable [[CDM]] projects with respect to their operational availability, and the banking of surplus emission allowances.

===Damage and cost-benefit module===
The damage and cost-benefit module calculates the consumption loss resulting from the damage of climate change, and compares these with the consumption losses of adaptation and mitigation costs (for instance, [[Hof et al., 2008]]; [[Hof et al., 2009]]; [[Hof et al., 2010]]). The estimates on adaptation costs and residual damage were based on the [[AD RICE model]] ([[De Bruin et al., 2009]]). The [[AD RICE model]] estimates adaptation costs based on total damage projections by the [[RICE model]]. These total damage projections include both adaptation costs and residual damage. Calibration of the regional adaptation cost functions was based on an assessment of each impact category described in the RICE model, using relevant literature, supplemented with expert judgement where necessary. The optimal level of adaptation can be calculated by the model, but the level of adaptation may also be set to a non-optimal level by the user. Consumption losses are estimated based on a simple [[Cobb-Douglas economic growth model]]. First, this model, for each region, is separately calibrated to the exogenous GDP path. Next, damage, adaptation costs and abatement costs are subtracted from investment or consumption to determine the effect on consumption (directly by replacing consumption or indirectly by replacing investments).
}}

Climate policy/Description

2013-12-18T15:04:48Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComponentDescriptionTemplate
|Status=On hold
|Reference=Enerdata, 2010; Kindermann et al., 2008; Den Elzen et al., 2007; Van Vuuren et al., 2011; Meinshausen et al., 2011c; Hof et al., 2013; Hof et al., 2012; Den Elzen et al., 2012b; Den Elzen et al., 2012c; Den Elzen et al., 2011b; Hof et al., 2010; Hof et al., 2009; Roelfsema et al., 2013a; Roelfsema et al., 2013b; Den Elzen et al., 2013; De Bruin et al., 2009;
|Description=In contrast to some of the other models in the IMAGE framework, [[FAIR model|FAIR]] is often used as a stand-alone model. However, if it is used as an integral part of the IMAGE framework, the model is tightly coupled to other parts of the framework.

The FAIR model consists of the following six linked modules (see figure Model scheme of FAIR):

# The global pathfinder module calculates cost-optimal global pathways for achieving long-term climate targets;
# The policy evaluation module calculates the emission levels for 2020 and beyond, resulting from national pledges and domestic climate mitigation plans;
# The effort-sharing module calculates regional and national emissions allowances or reduction targets, based on a wide range of equity principles, hence, sharing a global emissions target;
# The mitigation costs module calculates the level of emissions trading and abatement costs with flexible assumptions on regional carbon market participation, based on the information from the effort-sharing module or policy evaluation module;
# The damage and cost-benefit module calculates consumption losses resulting from climate change damage, adaptation costs, and mitigation costs, under a specified level of adaptation.

Input for the modules consists of baseline scenarios on population, GDP and emissions, as calculated by the IMAGE modelling framework. Emissions are from all major sources and include all six Kyoto greenhouse gases. Marginal abatement cost ([[HasAcronym::MAC]]) curves describing mitigation potential and costs of greenhouse gas emission reductions are derived from the TIMER energy model and the IMAGE land-use model. The MAC curves take into account a wide range of options, including carbon plantations, carbon capture and storage ([[HasAcronym::CCS]]), bio, wind and solar energy, and energy efficiency and technological improvements. In addition, FAIR can also use emission projections and MACs from other models, such as the [[POLES model|POLES energy system model**]] ([[Enerdata, 2010]]) and [[**IIASA land-use models]] ([[Kindermann et al., 2008]]), to assess the sensitivity of the outcomes to these main inputs.

The modules are described in more detail below.

===Global pathfinder and climate module===
The pathfinder module [[FAIR-SiMCaP model|FAIR-SiMCaP*]] calculates global emission pathways that satisfy a long-term climate target ([[Den Elzen et al., 2007]]; [[Van Vliet et al., 2009]]; [[Van Vuuren et al., 2011]]) . Input are climate targets that are defined in terms of concentration levels, radiative forcing, temperature, or cumulative emissions. Intermediate restrictions on overshoot levels or intermediate emission targets representing climate policy progress also can be included. The model combines the mitigation costs model of FAIR and a module that minimises cumulative discounted mitigation costs by varying the timing of emission reductions. For the climate calculations, FAIR-SiMCaP uses the [[MAGICC model|MAGICC]] 6 model, with parameter settings calibrated to reproduce the medium response in terms of time scale and amplitude of 19 [[IPCC]] [[AR|AR4]] General Circulation Models ([[Meinshausen et al., 2011c]]).

===Policy evaluation module===
The policy evaluation module calculates emission levels resulting from the pledges and mitigation actions submitted by developed and developing countries as part of the 2010 [[UNFCCC]] Cancún Agreements (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2013]]; [[Hof et al., 2013]]). This module also analyses the impact of planned and/or implemented domestic mitigation policies, such as carbon taxes, feed-in tariffs and renewable targets, on national emissions by 2020, to determine whether countries are on track to achieve their reduction pledges ([[Roelfsema et al., 2013a]]; [[Roelfsema et al., 2013b]]). For this purpose, it uses a wide range of evaluation tools, which have been developed in cooperation with [[IIASA]] and [[ECOFYS]], such as tools for analysing policy options for addressing land-use credits and surplus emissions.

===Effort-sharing module===
The effort-sharing module calculates emission targets for regions and countries, resulting from different emission allocation or effort-sharing schemes (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2012b]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2012c]]; [[Hof et al., 2012]]). Such schemes start either at the global allowed emission level, after which a certain effort-sharing approach allocates emission allowances across regions, or at the required global reduction level, after which various effort-sharing approaches allocate regional emission reduction targets. Both these approaches use information from the global pathfinder and climate module on the required global emission level or emission reductions. As an alternative, emission allowances can be allocated to regions without a predefined global (reduction) target, based on different effort-sharing approaches. Effort-sharing approaches included in the model are Contraction & Convergence, common-but-differentiated convergence and a multi-stage approach.

===Mitigation costs module===
The mitigation costs module is used for calculating the regional mitigation costs of achieving the targets calculated in the policy evaluation and/or the effort-sharing module, and to determine the buyers and sellers on the international emissions trading market (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2008]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2011a]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2011b]]). As input, the model uses regional, gas- and source-specific MAC curves, which reflect the additional costs of abating one extra tonne of CO2 equivalent emissions. In this way, the MAC curves describe the potential and costs of the different abatement options considered. The model uses aggregated regional permit demand and supply curves, derived from the MAC curves, to calculate the equilibrium permit price on the international trading market, its buyers and sellers, and the resulting domestic and external abatement per region. The design of the emissions trading market can include constraints on imports and exports of emission permits, non-competitive behaviour, transaction costs associated with the use of emission trading, a less than fully efficient supply of viable [[CDM]] projects with respect to their operational availability, and the banking of surplus emission allowances.

===Damage and cost-benefit module===
The damage and cost-benefit module calculates the consumption loss resulting from the damage of climate change, and compares these with the consumption losses of adaptation and mitigation costs (for instance, [[Hof et al., 2008]]; [[Hof et al., 2009]]; [[Hof et al., 2010]]). The estimates on adaptation costs and residual damage were based on the [[AD-RICE model]] ([[De Bruin et al., 2009]]). The [[AD-RICE model]] estimates adaptation costs based on total damage projections by the [[RICE model]]. These total damage projections include both adaptation costs and residual damage. Calibration of the regional adaptation cost functions was based on an assessment of each impact category described in the RICE model, using relevant literature, supplemented with expert judgement where necessary. The optimal level of adaptation can be calculated by the model, but the level of adaptation may also be set to a non-optimal level by the user. Consumption losses are estimated based on a simple [[Cobb-Douglas economic growth model]]. First, this model, for each region, is separately calibrated to the exogenous GDP path. Next, damage, adaptation costs and abatement costs are subtracted from investment or consumption to determine the effect on consumption (directly by replacing consumption or indirectly by replacing investments).
}}

Climate policy

2013-12-18T15:03:33Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComponentTemplate2
|ComponentCode=CP
|FrameworkElementType=response component
|Status=On hold
|IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Emissions; Energy supply; Energy conversion; Energy supply and demand; Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture; Atmospheric composition and climate;
|ExternalModel=MAGICC model; AD-RICE model; TIMER model
|KeyReference=Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Den Elzen et al., 2008; Hof et al., 2008; Van Vliet et al., 2009;
|InputVar=Population per Region; GDP per capita; CO2, other GHG, CO, NMVOC emissions; Marginal abatement cost; Climate policies; Marginal abatement cost;
|Description=In the United Nations climate negotiations, urgent action was called for to limit global warming to 2 °C. In order to achieve this climate goal, countries have proposed short- and long-term actions, both within the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]] climate negotiating process and in domestic policies. To support climate policymakers, the IMAGE model is able to quantitatively evaluate and address different kinds of policy questions. For this, the IMAGE model is mostly used in conjunction with the [[FAIR model]]. The FAIR model is a decision-support tool to analyse the costs, benefits, and climate effects of mitigation regimes, emission reduction commitments, and climate policies.

FAIR interacts with various parts of the core IMAGE model: mitigation cost curves for the energy sector are derived from the energy [[TIMER model]] (see also [[Energy supply and demand]]) and land-use-related mitigation options are formed by the earth system model ([[Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture]]). Information from FAIR on marginal abatement costs and reduction efforts per sector and greenhouse gas are used as input into IMAGE to evaluate the impacts under different climate mitigation assumptions. FAIR and the IMAGE core share the same simple climate model ([[Atmospheric composition and climate]]).

The FAIR model, in combination with the rest of the IMAGE framework, is able to analyse the interaction between long-term climate targets and short-term regional emission objectives. Regional emission objectives are based on effort-sharing approaches and/or national emission reduction proposals, taking into account decisions on accounting rules as agreed under the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]]. The calculation of mitigation costs and trade in emission allowances, together making up the net mitigation costs of a region to achieve its mitigation target, are a central part of the model. FAIR allows for an evaluation of proposed effort-sharing regimes, including differentiated timing and participation of a limited number of parties to the climate convention. Furthermore, FAIR analyses the trade-offs between costs and benefits of mitigation and adaptation policy.
}}

Climate policy

2013-12-18T15:02:56Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComponentTemplate2
|ComponentCode=CP
|FrameworkElementType=response component
|Status=On hold
|IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Emissions; Energy supply; Energy conversion; Energy supply and demand; Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture; Atmospheric composition and climate;
|ExternalModel=MAGICC model; AD_RICE model; TIMER model
|KeyReference=Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Den Elzen et al., 2008; Hof et al., 2008; Van Vliet et al., 2009;
|InputVar=Population per Region; GDP per capita; CO2, other GHG, CO, NMVOC emissions; Marginal abatement cost; Climate policies; Marginal abatement cost;
|Description=In the United Nations climate negotiations, urgent action was called for to limit global warming to 2 °C. In order to achieve this climate goal, countries have proposed short- and long-term actions, both within the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]] climate negotiating process and in domestic policies. To support climate policymakers, the IMAGE model is able to quantitatively evaluate and address different kinds of policy questions. For this, the IMAGE model is mostly used in conjunction with the [[FAIR model]]. The FAIR model is a decision-support tool to analyse the costs, benefits, and climate effects of mitigation regimes, emission reduction commitments, and climate policies.

FAIR interacts with various parts of the core IMAGE model: mitigation cost curves for the energy sector are derived from the energy [[TIMER model]] (see also [[Energy supply and demand]]) and land-use-related mitigation options are formed by the earth system model ([[Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture]]). Information from FAIR on marginal abatement costs and reduction efforts per sector and greenhouse gas are used as input into IMAGE to evaluate the impacts under different climate mitigation assumptions. FAIR and the IMAGE core share the same simple climate model ([[Atmospheric composition and climate]]).

The FAIR model, in combination with the rest of the IMAGE framework, is able to analyse the interaction between long-term climate targets and short-term regional emission objectives. Regional emission objectives are based on effort-sharing approaches and/or national emission reduction proposals, taking into account decisions on accounting rules as agreed under the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]]. The calculation of mitigation costs and trade in emission allowances, together making up the net mitigation costs of a region to achieve its mitigation target, are a central part of the model. FAIR allows for an evaluation of proposed effort-sharing regimes, including differentiated timing and participation of a limited number of parties to the climate convention. Furthermore, FAIR analyses the trade-offs between costs and benefits of mitigation and adaptation policy.
}}

Climate policy

2013-12-18T15:00:57Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComponentTemplate2
|ComponentCode=CP
|FrameworkElementType=response component
|Status=On hold
|IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Emissions; Energy supply; Energy conversion; Energy supply and demand; Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture; Atmospheric composition and climate;
|ExternalModel=MAGICC model; AD_RICE model, TIMER model
|KeyReference=Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Den Elzen et al., 2008; Hof et al., 2008; Van Vliet et al., 2009;
|InputVar=Population per Region; GDP per capita; CO2, other GHG, CO, NMVOC emissions; Marginal abatement cost; Climate policies; Marginal abatement cost;
|Description=In the United Nations climate negotiations, urgent action was called for to limit global warming to 2 °C. In order to achieve this climate goal, countries have proposed short- and long-term actions, both within the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]] climate negotiating process and in domestic policies. To support climate policymakers, the IMAGE model is able to quantitatively evaluate and address different kinds of policy questions. For this, the IMAGE model is mostly used in conjunction with the [[FAIR model]]. The FAIR model is a decision-support tool to analyse the costs, benefits, and climate effects of mitigation regimes, emission reduction commitments, and climate policies.

FAIR interacts with various parts of the core IMAGE model: mitigation cost curves for the energy sector are derived from the energy [[TIMER model]] (see also [[Energy supply and demand]]) and land-use-related mitigation options are formed by the earth system model ([[Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture]]). Information from FAIR on marginal abatement costs and reduction efforts per sector and greenhouse gas are used as input into IMAGE to evaluate the impacts under different climate mitigation assumptions. FAIR and the IMAGE core share the same simple climate model ([[Atmospheric composition and climate]]).

The FAIR model, in combination with the rest of the IMAGE framework, is able to analyse the interaction between long-term climate targets and short-term regional emission objectives. Regional emission objectives are based on effort-sharing approaches and/or national emission reduction proposals, taking into account decisions on accounting rules as agreed under the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]]. The calculation of mitigation costs and trade in emission allowances, together making up the net mitigation costs of a region to achieve its mitigation target, are a central part of the model. FAIR allows for an evaluation of proposed effort-sharing regimes, including differentiated timing and participation of a limited number of parties to the climate convention. Furthermore, FAIR analyses the trade-offs between costs and benefits of mitigation and adaptation policy.
}}

AD RICE model

2013-12-18T14:52:09Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal: Created page with "{{ComputerModelTemplate |Subject=Damage and adaptaptation costs |Description=The AD-RICE model estimates damage and adaptation costs resulting from the damage of climate chang..."

{{ComputerModelTemplate
|Subject=Damage and adaptaptation costs
|Description=The AD-RICE model estimates damage and adaptation costs resulting from the damage of climate change. Total damage costs are the sum of adaptation costs and residual damage costs (unavoided damage).
|Reference=Hof et al., 2009;
|FrameworkRelation=used model
|Component=
}}

Climate policy

2013-12-18T14:41:41Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComponentTemplate2
|ComponentCode=CP
|FrameworkElementType=response component
|Status=On hold
|IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Emissions; Energy supply; Energy conversion; Energy supply and demand; Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture; Atmospheric composition and climate;
|ExternalModel=MAGICC model; AD_RICE model
|KeyReference=Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Den Elzen et al., 2008; Hof et al., 2008; Van Vliet et al., 2009;
|InputVar=Population per Region; GDP per capita; CO2, other GHG, CO, NMVOC emissions; Marginal abatement cost; Climate policies; Marginal abatement cost;
|Description=In the United Nations climate negotiations, urgent action was called for to limit global warming to 2 °C. In order to achieve this climate goal, countries have proposed short- and long-term actions, both within the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]] climate negotiating process and in domestic policies. To support climate policymakers, the IMAGE model is able to quantitatively evaluate and address different kinds of policy questions. For this, the IMAGE model is mostly used in conjunction with the [[FAIR model]]. The FAIR model is a decision-support tool to analyse the costs, benefits, and climate effects of mitigation regimes, emission reduction commitments, and climate policies.

FAIR interacts with various parts of the core IMAGE model: mitigation cost curves for the energy sector are derived from the energy [[TIMER model]] (see also [[Energy supply and demand]]) and land-use-related mitigation options are formed by the earth system model ([[Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture]]). Information from FAIR on marginal abatement costs and reduction efforts per sector and greenhouse gas are used as input into IMAGE to evaluate the impacts under different climate mitigation assumptions. FAIR and the IMAGE core share the same simple climate model ([[Atmospheric composition and climate]]).

The FAIR model, in combination with the rest of the IMAGE framework, is able to analyse the interaction between long-term climate targets and short-term regional emission objectives. Regional emission objectives are based on effort-sharing approaches and/or national emission reduction proposals, taking into account decisions on accounting rules as agreed under the [[HasAcronym::UNFCCC]]. The calculation of mitigation costs and trade in emission allowances, together making up the net mitigation costs of a region to achieve its mitigation target, are a central part of the model. FAIR allows for an evaluation of proposed effort-sharing regimes, including differentiated timing and participation of a limited number of parties to the climate convention. Furthermore, FAIR analyses the trade-offs between costs and benefits of mitigation and adaptation policy.
}}

Climate policy/Description

2013-12-18T12:58:48Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

{{ComponentDescriptionTemplate
|Status=On hold
|Reference=Enerdata, 2010; Kindermann et al., 2008; Den Elzen et al., 2007; Van Vuuren et al., 2011; Meinshausen et al., 2011c; Hof et al., 2013; Hof et al., 2012; Den Elzen et al., 2012b; Den Elzen et al., 2012c; Den Elzen et al., 2011b; Hof et al., 2010; Hof et al., 2009; Roelfsema et al., 2013a; Roelfsema et al., 2013b; Den Elzen et al., 2013; De Bruin et al., 2009;
|Description=In contrast to some of the other models in the IMAGE framework, [[FAIR model|FAIR]] is often used as a stand-alone model. However, if it is used as an integral part of the IMAGE framework, the model is tightly coupled to other parts of the framework.

The FAIR model consists of the following six linked modules (see figure Model scheme of FAIR):

# The global pathfinder module calculates cost-optimal global pathways for achieving long-term climate targets;
# The policy evaluation module calculates the emission levels for 2020 and beyond, resulting from national pledges and domestic climate mitigation plans;
# The effort-sharing module calculates regional and national emissions allowances or reduction targets, based on a wide range of equity principles, hence, sharing a global emissions target;
# The mitigation costs module calculates the level of emissions trading and abatement costs with flexible assumptions on regional carbon market participation, based on the information from the effort-sharing module or policy evaluation module;
# The damage and cost-benefit module calculates consumption losses resulting from climate change damage, adaptation costs, and mitigation costs, under a specified level of adaptation.

Input for the modules consists of baseline scenarios on population, GDP and emissions, as calculated by the IMAGE modelling framework. Emissions are from all major sources and include all six Kyoto greenhouse gases. Marginal abatement cost ([[HasAcronym::MAC]]) curves describing mitigation potential and costs of greenhouse gas emission reductions are derived from the TIMER energy model and the IMAGE land-use model. The MAC curves take into account a wide range of options, including carbon plantations, carbon capture and storage ([[HasAcronym::CCS]]), bio, wind and solar energy, and energy efficiency and technological improvements. In addition, FAIR can also use emission projections and MACs from other models, such as the [[POLES model|POLES energy system model**]] ([[Enerdata, 2010]]) and [[**IIASA land-use models]] ([[Kindermann et al., 2008]]), to assess the sensitivity of the outcomes to these main inputs.

The modules are described in more detail below.

===Global pathfinder and climate module===
The pathfinder module [[FAIR-SiMCaP model|FAIR-SiMCaP*]] calculates global emission pathways that satisfy a long-term climate target ([[Den Elzen et al., 2007]]; [[Van Vliet et al., 2009]]; [[Van Vuuren et al., 2011]]) . Input are climate targets that are defined in terms of concentration levels, radiative forcing, temperature, or cumulative emissions. Intermediate restrictions on overshoot levels or intermediate emission targets representing climate policy progress also can be included. The model combines the mitigation costs model of FAIR and a module that minimises cumulative discounted mitigation costs by varying the timing of emission reductions. For the climate calculations, FAIR-SiMCaP uses the [[MAGICC model|MAGICC]] 6 model, with parameter settings calibrated to reproduce the medium response in terms of time scale and amplitude of 19 [[IPCC]] [[AR|AR4]] General Circulation Models ([[Meinshausen et al., 2011c]]).

===Policy evaluation module===
The policy evaluation module calculates emission levels resulting from the pledges and mitigation actions submitted by developed and developing countries as part of the 2010 [[UNFCCC]] Cancún Agreements (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2013]]; [[Hof et al., 2013]]). This module also analyses the impact of planned and/or implemented domestic mitigation policies, such as carbon taxes, feed-in tariffs and renewable targets, on national emissions by 2020, to determine whether countries are on track to achieve their reduction pledges ([[Roelfsema et al., 2013a]]; [[Roelfsema et al., 2013b]]). For this purpose, it uses a wide range of evaluation tools, which have been developed in cooperation with [[IIASA]] and [[ECOFYS]], such as tools for analysing policy options for addressing land-use credits and surplus emissions.

===Effort-sharing module===
The effort-sharing module calculates emission targets for regions and countries, resulting from different emission allocation or effort-sharing schemes (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2012b]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2012c]]; [[Hof et al., 2012]]). Such schemes start either at the global allowed emission level, after which a certain effort-sharing approach allocates emission allowances across regions, or at the required global reduction level, after which various effort-sharing approaches allocate regional emission reduction targets. Both these approaches use information from the global pathfinder and climate module on the required global emission level or emission reductions. As an alternative, emission allowances can be allocated to regions without a predefined global (reduction) target, based on different effort-sharing approaches. Effort-sharing approaches included in the model are Contraction & Convergence, common-but-differentiated convergence and a multi-stage approach.

===Mitigation costs module===
The mitigation costs module is used for calculating the regional mitigation costs of achieving the targets calculated in the policy evaluation and/or the effort-sharing module, and to determine the buyers and sellers on the international emissions trading market (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2008]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2011a]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2011b]]). As input, the model uses regional, gas- and source-specific MAC curves, which reflect the additional costs of abating one extra tonne of CO2 equivalent emissions. In this way, the MAC curves describe the potential and costs of the different abatement options considered. The model uses aggregated regional permit demand and supply curves, derived from the MAC curves, to calculate the equilibrium permit price on the international trading market, its buyers and sellers, and the resulting domestic and external abatement per region. The design of the emissions trading market can include constraints on imports and exports of emission permits, non-competitive behaviour, transaction costs associated with the use of emission trading, a less than fully efficient supply of viable [[CDM]] projects with respect to their operational availability, and the banking of surplus emission allowances.

===Damage and cost-benefit module===
The damage and cost-benefit module calculates the consumption loss resulting from the damage of climate change, and compares these with the consumption losses of adaptation and mitigation costs (for instance, [[Hof et al., 2008]]; [[Hof et al., 2009]]; [[Hof et al., 2010]]). The estimates on adaptation costs and residual damage were based on the [[AD-RICE model]] ([[De Bruin et al., 2009]]). The AD-RICE model estimates adaptation costs based on total damage projections by the [[RICE model]]. These total damage projections include both adaptation costs and residual damage. Calibration of the regional adaptation cost functions was based on an assessment of each impact category described in the RICE model, using relevant literature, supplemented with expert judgement where necessary. The optimal level of adaptation can be calculated by the model, but the level of adaptation may also be set to a non-optimal level by the user. Consumption losses are estimated based on a simple [[Cobb-Douglas economic growth model]]. First, this model, for each region, is separately calibrated to the exogenous GDP path. Next, damage, adaptation costs and abatement costs are subtracted from investment or consumption to determine the effect on consumption (directly by replacing consumption or indirectly by replacing investments).
}}

ECOFYS

2013-12-18T10:59:26Z

AnnemiekAdmiraal:

Ecofys is a leading consultancy in renewable energy, energy & carbon efficiency, energy systems & markets and energy & climate policy.

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