]> 2026-04-05T02:02:56+02:00 Adaptation level 0 en Environmental and other policies Level of adaptation to climate change , defined as the share of climate change damage avoided by adaptation. This level is be calculated by the model to minimise adaptation costs and residual damage, or set by the user. Adaptation level Air pollution policy 0 en Environmental and other policies Air pollution policies set to reach emission reduction targets, represented in the model in the form of energy carrier and sector specific emission factors. Air pollution policies Animal productivity 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry Effective production of livestock commodities per animal per year. Animal productivity Biofuel policy 0 en Environmental and other policies Policies to foster the use of biofuels in transport, such as financial incentives and biofuel mandates and obligations. Biofuel policy Built-up area - grid 0 en Energy and land resources Urban built-up area per grid cell, excluded from all biophysical modelling in IMAGE, increasing over time as a function of urban population and a country- and scenario-specific urban density curve. Capital supply 0 en Economic development Capital available to replace depreciated stock and expand the stock to support economic growth. Capital supply Climate target 0 en Environmental and other policies Climate target, defined in terms of concentration levels, radiative forcing, temperature targets, or cumulative emissions. Climate target Domestic climate policy 0 en Environmental and other policies Planned and/or implemented national climate and energy policies, such as taxes, feed-in tariffs, renewable targets, efficiency standards, that affect projected emission reduction. Climate policies Energy efficiency technology 0 en Technological change in the energy system Model assumptions determining future development of energy efficiency. Energy efficiency technology Energy intensity parameters 0 en Technological change in the energy system Set of parameters determining the energy use per unit of economic activity (in absence of technical energy efficiency improvements). Energy intensity parameters Energy policy 0 en Environmental and other policies Policy to achieve energy system objectives, such as energy security and energy access. Energy policies Energy resources 0 en Energy and land resources Volume of energy resource per carrier, region and supply cost class (determines depletion dynamics). Energy resources Equity principles 0 en Environmental and other policies General concepts of distributive justice or fairness used in effort sharing approaches. Three key equity principles are: Responsibility (historical contribution to warming); capability (ability to pay for mitigation); and equality (equal emissions allowances per capita). Equity principles Feed conversion 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry Measure of an animal's efficiency in converting feed mass into the desired output such as meat and milk (for cattle, poultry, pigs, sheep and goats). Feed conversion (FCR) Fertiliser use efficiency 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry Ratio of fertiliser uptake by a crop to fertiliser applied. Fertiliser use efficiency Forest plantation demand 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry Demand for forest plantation area. Wood plantation area Fraction of selective logging 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry The fraction of forest harvested in a grid, in clear cutting, selective cutting, wood plantations and additional deforestation. Fraction of selective cut determines the fraction of timber harvested by selective cutting of trees in semi-natural and natural forest. Fraction cut down GDP per capita 0 en Economic development Gross Domestic Product per capita, measured as the market value of all goods and services produced in a region in a year, and is used in the IMAGE framework as a generic indicator of economic activity. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita GDP per capita - grid 0 en Economic development Scaled down GDP per capita from country to grid level, based on population density. GDP per capita per gridcell GINI coefficient 0 en Economic development Measure of income disparity in a population. If all have the same income, GINI equals 1. The lower the GINI, the wider the gap between the lowest and highest income groups. GINI coefficient Harvest efficiency 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry Fraction of harvested wood used as product, the remainder being left as residues. Specified per biomass pool and forestry management type. Forestry drivers Increase in irrigated area - grid 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry Increase in irrigated area, often based on external projections (e.g., FAO). Expansion of irrigated areas Irrigation conveyance efficiency 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry Ratio of water supplied to the irrigated field to the quantity withdrawn from the water source, determining the quantity of water lost during transport. This parameter is defined at country level. Irrigation conveyance efficiency Irrigation project efficiency 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry Ratio of quantity of irrigation water required by the crop (based on soil moisture deficits) to the quantity withdrawn from rivers, lakes, reservoirs or other sources. This parameter is given at country level. Irrigation project efficiency Irrigation system 0 en Type of irrigation system: surface, sprinkler or drip. This is allocated at country level, based on Jagermeyr et al (2015). Irrigation system Labour supply 0 en Economic development Effective supply of labour input to support economic activities, taking into account the participation rate of age cohorts. Labour supply Learning rate 0 en Technological change in the energy system Determines the rate of technology development in learning equations. Learning rate Lifestyle parameters 0 en Lifestyle parameters Lifestyle parameters influence the relationship between economic activities and demand for energy. Lifestyle parameters for energy demand Livestock rations 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry Determines the feed requirements per feed type (food crops; crop residues; grass and fodder; animal products; scavenging), specified per animal type and production system (extensive/intensive/backyard/intermediate/intensive/broiler/laying hens). Livestock ration Manure spreading fraction 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry Fraction of manure produced in staples that is spread on agricultural areas. Manure spreading fraction Population 0 en Population projections Number of people per region. Population per region Population - grid 0 en Population projections Number of people per gridcell (using downscaling). Population per gridcell Preferences 0 en Lifestyle parameters Non-price factors determining market shares, such as preferences, environmental policies, infrastructure and strategic considerations, used for model calibration. Preferences (costs mark-ups) Private consumption 0 en Economic development Private consumption reflects expenditure on private household consumption. It is used in IMAGE as a driver of energy. Private consumption per capita Production system mix 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry Livestock production is distributed over two systems for dairy and beef production (intensive: mixed and industrial; extensive: pastoral grazing), and to three systems for pigs (backyard, intermediate, intensive) and poultry (backyard, boilers, laying hens) with specific intensities, rations and feed conversion ratios. Production system mix for livestock Protected area - grid 0 en Environmental and other policies Map of protected nature areas, limiting use of this area. Protected areas Sector value added 0 en Economic development Value Added for economic sectors: Industry (IVA), Services (SVA) and Agriculture (AVA). These variables are used in IMAGE to indicate economic activity. Sector Value added Taxes and other additional costs 0 en Environmental and other policies Taxes on energy use, and other additional costs Taxes and other additional costs Technological change (crops and livestocks) 0 en Technological change in agriculture and forestry Increase in productivity in crop production (yield/ha) and livestock production (carcass weight, offtake rate). Technological change (crops and livestocks) Technology development of energy conversion 0 en Technological change in the energy system Learning curves and exogenous learning that determine technology development. Technology development Technology development of energy supply 0 en Technological change in the energy system Learning curves and exogenous learning that determine technology development. Technology development Timber demand 0 en Economic development Demand for roundwood and pulpwood per region. Timber demand Trade policy 0 en Trade regimes, tariffs and barriers Assumed changes in market and non-market instruments that influence trade flows, subject to WTO rules and country and region regulation. Trade policy Trade restriction 0 en Trade regimes, tariffs and barriers Trade tariffs and barriers limiting trade in energy carriers (in energy submodel). Trade restrictions Urban population fraction 0 en Population projections Urban/rural split of population. urbanisation