Carbon cycle and natural vegetation: Difference between revisions

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{{ComponentTemplate2
{{ComponentTemplate2
|IMAGEComponent=Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture; Atmospheric composition and climate; Agricultural systems; Forest management; Terrestrial biodiversity; Ecosystem goods and services; Land cover and use;
|IMAGEComponent=Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water; Agriculture and land use; Atmospheric composition and climate; Ecosystem services; Land cover and land use;
|ExternalModel=HYDE database
|Model-Database=HYDE database
|KeyReference=Sitch et al., 2003;
|KeyReference=Sitch et al., 2003; Müller et al., 2016a;
|Reference=Van Minnen et al., 2008; Houghton, 2010; Müller et al., 2007; Ballantyne et al., 2012; Van Minnen et al., 2009; Gerten et al., 2004; Bondeau et al., 2007; Klein Goldewijk et al., 1994; Van Minnen et al., 2000;
|Reference=Van Minnen et al., 2008; Houghton, 2010; Müller et al., 2007; Ballantyne et al., 2012; Van Minnen et al., 2009; Gerten et al., 2004; Bondeau et al., 2007; Klein Goldewijk et al., 1994; Van Minnen et al., 2000; Van Minnen et al., 2009;
|InputVar=Temperature - grid; Precipitation - grid; Number of wet days - grid; Cloudiness - grid; CO2 concentration; Timber use fraction; Land cover, land use - grid; Irrigation water supply - grid; Forest management type - grid;
|InputVar=Temperature - grid; Precipitation - grid; Number of wet days - grid; Cloudiness - grid; CO2 concentration; Timber use fraction; Land cover, land use - grid; Irrigation water supply - grid; Forest management type - grid;
|Parameter=Soil properties - grid;
|Parameter=Soil properties - grid;
|OutputVar=Potential natural vegetation - grid; NEP (net ecosystem production) - grid; Land-use CO2 emissions - grid; Carbon pools in vegetation - grid; NPP (net primary production) - grid; Soil respiration - grid; Carbon pools in soil and timber - grid;
|OutputVar=Potential natural vegetation - grid; NEP (net ecosystem production) - grid; Land-use CO2 emissions - grid; Carbon pools in vegetation - grid; NPP (net primary production) - grid; Soil respiration - grid; Carbon pools in soil and timber - grid;
|Description=The terrestrial biosphere plays an important role in global and regional carbon (C) cycles and, thus, also in the climate system. Large amounts of carbon, between 2000 and 3000 PgC, are stored in the vegetation and soil components. Land conversions, such as deforestation, have considerably contributed to the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past centuries ([[Van Minnen et al., 2009]]; [[Houghton, 2010]]) and are projected to continue to do so in the future ([[Müller et al., 2007]]). At teh same time the terrestrial biosphere currently absorbs about 30% of the emitted CO2 ([[Ballantyne et al., 2012]]), and a number of options exists to maintain  or even enhance this sink; for example, through protecting existing forests and/or establishing new ones ([[Van Minnen et al., 2008]]).  
|Description=The terrestrial biosphere plays a key role in global and regional carbon cycles and thus in the climate system. Large amounts of carbon (between 2000 and 3000 PgC) are stored in the vegetation and soil components. Currently, the terrestrial biosphere absorbs about 30% of emitted CO<sub>2</sub> ([[Ballantyne et al., 2012]]), and this carbon sink can be maintained and even enhanced by, for instance, protecting established forests and by establishing new forests ([[Van Minnen et al., 2008]]). However, deforestation and other land use changes in the last few centuries have contributed considerably to the build-up of atmospheric carbon dioxide ([[Van Minnen et al., 2009]]; [[Houghton, 2010]]) and this trend is projected to continue [[Müller et al., 2007]]).
Regardless of land cover and land use, the net carbon sink in the terrestrial biosphere is affected by a range of environmental conditions such as climate, atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration and moisture. These conditions influence processes that take up and release CO<sub>2</sub> from the terrestrial biosphere such as photosynthesis, plant and soil respiration, transpiration, carbon allocation and turnover, and disturbances such as fires.  


=== Processes ===
In plant photosynthesis, CO<sub>2</sub> is taken from the atmosphere and converted to organic carbon compounds. This CO<sub>2</sub> conversion is referred to as gross primary production ({{abbrTemplate|GPP}}). The sequestered carbon is needed for plant maintenance and growth (autotrophic respiration), and for the development of new plant tissues, forming live biomass carbon pools. All plant parts (including leaf fall and mortality) are ultimately stored as carbon in carbon pools in the soil and atmosphere. CO<sub>2</sub> is also emitted from the soil pools to the atmosphere in the process of mineralisation.  
The CO2 uptake by and release from  the terrestrial biosphere is determined by a number of processes that are sensitive to environmental conditions, such as climate, atmospheric CO2 concentration and moisture availability. Hence, even if land cover and land use would remain unchanged, the  strength of the current net sink may change, over time, in response to changes in those conditions. Basic processes include photosynthesis, plant and soil respiration, transpiration, carbon allocation and turnover, and disturbances, such as  fires. Photosynthesis is the process where CO2 is taken up from the atmosphere and converted into organic carbon compounds. This conversion of CO2 is called gross primary production ([[HasAcronym::GPP]]). The sequestered carbon is partially needed for plant maintenance and growth (autotrophic or plant respiration), while the remainder (net primary production [[HasAcronym::NPP]]) is  incorporated in new tissues in various parts of plants, forming live biomass carbon pools. The ultimate fate of these plant parts (incl. leaf fall and mortality) cause the stored carbon to be transferred to various carbon pools, such as the soil and the atmosphere. From the soil pools, through processes of soil respiration, CO2 is also emitted back into the atmosphere.


=== Modelling===
Terrestrial carbon cycle and vegetation models contribute to better understanding of the dynamics of the terrestrial biosphere in relation to these underlying processes and to the terrestrial water cycle (see Component [[Water]]) and land use (see Component [[Agriculture and land use]]).  
Terrestrial carbon-cycle and vegetation models contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of the terrestrial biosphere related to the underlying processes and their relation to the [[Hydrological cycle]] and [[Agricultural economy and forestry]]. The [[LPJmL model]] ([[Sitch et al., 2003]]; [[Gerten et al., 2004]]; [[Bondeau et al., 2007]]) replaces the earlier IMAGE-2  carbon cycle and vegetation model ([[Klein Goldewijk et al., 1994]]; [[Van Minnen et al., 2000]]). Here, we give a general overview of the LPJmL model in the IMAGE context, with a focus on carbon and vegetation dynamics. For a detailed description of the IMAGE-Natural vegetation and carbon cycle model and a sensitivity analysis, see (Müller et al., 2013<ref>[[Müller et al., submitted-b]]</ref>).


<references/>
The IMAGE-2 carbon cycle and biome model ([[Klein Goldewijk et al., 1994]]; [[Van Minnen et al., 2000]]) have been replaced by the Lund-Potsdam-Jena model with Managed Land ([[LPJmL model|LPJmL]]) model ([[Sitch et al., 2003]]; [[Gerten et al., 2004]]; [[Bondeau et al., 2007]]). An overview of the LPJmL model in the IMAGE context with regard to carbon and biome dynamics is presented here; the model and a sensitivity analysis is described in detail by Muller et al. ([[Müller et al., 2016a|2016]]).
|ComponentCode=NVCC
|ComponentCode=NVCC
|AggregatedComponent=Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture
|AggregatedComponent=Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water
|FrameworkElementType=state component
|FrameworkElementType=state component
}}
}}
[[HasOutputVar::Terrestrial C balance| ]]
[[HasOutputVar::Terrestrial C balance| ]]

Revision as of 11:36, 23 June 2017

Link to framework components overview

Parts of Carbon cycle and natural vegetation

  1. Introduction page
  2. Model description
  3. Policy issues
  4. Data, uncertainty and limitations
  5. Overview of references
Component is implemented in:
Components:
Related IMAGE components
Models/Databases
Key publications
References
Carbon cycle and natural vegetation module of LPJmL, in IMAGE 3.0
Flowchart Carbon cycle and natural vegetation. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.

Key policy issues

  • What is the role of the terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle, how will it change in time as a result of climate and land-use change?
  • To what extent can the terrestrial biosphere contribute to reducing the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere and what are viable mechanisms?
  • What opportunities exist to reduce land-use related carbon emissions (e.g. REDD) and even enhance the carbon uptake through the establishment of new forests.
  • What are the contributions of land-use change, climate change and CO2 fertilization on the future carbon cycle and how can these be considered in climate policies?

Introduction


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