Emissions/Policy issues: Difference between revisions
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{{ComponentPolicyIssueTemplate | {{ComponentPolicyIssueTemplate | ||
|Reference=PBL, 2012; | |Reference=PBL, 2012; | ||
|Description=In a baseline scenario, most greenhouse gas emissions tend to increase, driven by an increase in underlying activity levels (Figure This is shown in Figure 5.2.2 for a baseline scenario for the [[Roads from Rio+20 (2012) project|Rio+20]] study ([[PBL, 2012]]). For air pollutants, the pattern also depends strongly on the assumptions on air pollution control. In most baseline scenarios, air pollutant emissions tend to decrease, or at least stabilise, in the coming decades as a result of more stringent environmental standards in high and middle income countries. | |Description=In a baseline scenario, most greenhouse gas emissions tend to increase, driven by an increase in underlying activity levels (Figure This is shown in Figure 5.2.2 for a baseline scenario for the [[Roads from Rio+20 (2012) project|Rio+20]] study ([[PBL, 2012]]). For air pollutants, the pattern also depends strongly on the assumptions on air pollution control. In most baseline scenarios, air pollutant emissions tend to decrease, or at least stabilise, in the coming decades as a result of more stringent environmental standards in high and middle income countries. | ||
|Example= | |Example=Policy scenarios present several ways to influence emission of air pollutants ([[Braspenning Radu et al., in preparation]]): | ||
* Introduction of climate policy, which leads to systemic changes in the energy system (less combustion) and thus, indirectly to reduced emissions of air pollutants ([[Van Vuuren et al., 2006]]). | |||
* Policy interventions can be mimicked by introducing an alternative formulation of emission factors to the standard formulations ({{abbrTemplate|EKC}}, {{abbrTemplate|CLE}}). For instance, emission factors can be used to deliberately include maximum feasible reduction measures. | |||
* Policies may influence emission levels for several sources, for instance, by reducing consumption of meat products. By improving the efficiency of fertiliser use, emissions of N2O, NO and NH3 can be decreased ([[Van Vuuren et al., 2011a]]). By increasing the amount of feed crops in the cattle rations, CH4 emissions can be reduced. Production of crop types has a significant influence on emission levels of N2O, NOx and NH3 from spreading manure and fertilisers. | |||
* Assumptions related to soil and nutrient management. The major factors are fertiliser type and mode of manure and fertiliser application. Some fertilisers cause higher emissions of N2O and NH3 than others. Incorporating manure into soil lowers emissions compared to broadcasting. | |||
The impacts of more ambitious control policies ({{abbrTemplate|CLE}} versus {{abbrTemplate|EKC}}) on SO2 and NOx, emissions, and the influence of climate policy are presented in Figure below. Where climate policy is particularly effective in reducing SO2 emissions, air pollution control policies are effective in reducing NOx emissions. | |||
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Revision as of 13:48, 21 May 2014
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