Emissions/Policy issues: Difference between revisions
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{{ComponentPolicyIssueTemplate | {{ComponentPolicyIssueTemplate | ||
|Reference=PBL, 2012; Braspenning Radu et al., 2016; | |||
|Description=In a baseline scenario, most greenhouse gas emissions tend to increase, driven by an increase in underlying activity levels (This is shown in the figure below for a baseline scenario for the [[Roads from Rio+20 (2012) project|Rio+20]] study ([[PBL, 2012]]). For air pollutants, the pattern also depends strongly on the assumptions on air pollution control. In most baseline scenarios, air pollutant emissions tend to decrease, or at least stabilise, in the coming decades as a result of more stringent environmental standards in high and middle income countries. | |||
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Policy scenarios present several ways to influence emission of air pollutants ([[Braspenning Radu et al., 2016]]): | |||
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* Introduction of climate policy, which leads to systemic changes in the energy system (less combustion) and thus, indirectly to reduced emissions of air pollutants ([[Van Vuuren et al., 2006]]). | |||
* Policy interventions can be mimicked by introducing an alternative formulation of emission factors to the standard formulations ({{abbrTemplate|EKC}}, {{abbrTemplate|CLE}}). For instance, emission factors can be used to deliberately include maximum feasible reduction measures. | |||
* Policies may influence emission levels for several sources, for instance, by reducing consumption of meat products. By improving the efficiency of fertiliser use, emissions of N<sub>2</sub>O, NO and NH<sub>3</sub> can be decreased ([[Van Vuuren et al., 2011b]]). By increasing the amount of feed crops in the cattle rations, CH<sub>4</sub> emissions can be reduced. Production of crop types has a significant influence on emission levels of N<sub>2</sub>O, NO<sub>x</sub> and NH<sub>3</sub> from spreading manure and fertilisers. | |||
* Assumptions related to soil and nutrient management. The major factors are fertiliser type and mode of manure and fertiliser application. Some fertilisers cause higher emissions of N<sub>2</sub>O and NH<sub>3</sub> than others. Incorporating manure into soil lowers emissions compared to broadcasting. | |||
The impacts of more ambitious control policies ({{abbrTemplate|CLE}} versus {{abbrTemplate|EKC}}) on SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub>, emissions, and the influence of climate policy are presented in the figure below. Where climate policy is particularly effective in reducing SO<sub>2</sub> emissions, air pollution control policies are effective in reducing NO<sub>x</sub> emissions. | |||
See also the Policy interventions Table below. | |||
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Revision as of 11:33, 18 November 2016
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