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|Description===Policy issues==
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The IMAGE model can be used to explore various types of policy questions, and a variety of areas. The first divide concerns questions on possible impacts in the absence of policy responses, versus the evaluation of (the potential of)  policy interventions. Obviously, for IMAGE the focus is on providing an integrated perspective on policy responses, i.e. consider options in various part of human and earth system and to be able to evaluate their impact also from more than one perspective. Key areas where policy responses can be introduced in the model are:
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<h2>Policy issues</h2>
The IMAGE framework can be used to explore types of policy issues in a variety of areas. These include possible impacts in the absence of new policies or policy responses, and evaluation of possible policy interventions. IMAGE provides an integrated perspective on policy issues by assessing options in various part of the Human and Earth systems and evaluating the impact from several perspectives.  
The model assesses the following key areas for policy responses:
*Climate policy (global targets, regional efforts, costs and benefits)
*Climate policy (global targets, regional efforts, costs and benefits)
* Energy policies (air pollution, energy access, energy security and bio-energy)
*Energy policies (air pollution, energy access, energy security and bioenergy)
*     Agriculture and land use policies (food, nature conservation)
*Land and biodiversity policies (food, bioenergy, nature conservation)
* Human development policies (malnutrition, health)
*Human development policies (malnutrition, health)
* Policies to reduce the loss of biodiversity (protection, drivers)
*Measures to reduce the imbalance of nutrient and water cycles.
* Measures to reduce the imbalance of nutrient and water cycles.
The first three are discussed below.  
 
In Chapters 4 through-7, we provide detailed examples of IMAGE applications that explore the effectiveness of responses. In addition, we discuss in more detail the three areas for which the system has been used most: climate policy, agricultural and land-use policy and energy policy.


===Climate policy===
===Climate policy===
A main focus area of the IMAGE model is to look at climate change mitigation strategies. For this, the IMAGE model is linked to the FAIR modeling framework. (chapter 8.1). This link allows to consider detailed climate policy configuration in support of negotiation processes, and also to do intertemporal optimization of mitigation strategies For this purpose, the [[FAIR model|FAIR]] system receives information from various parts of the main IMAGE system, including information on baseline emissions from energy, land use and industrial sources, the potential for reforestation and the costs to abate emissions in the energy system. The latter is provided in the form of dynamic marginal abatement cost ([[MAC]]) curves for different regions, gases and sources. Using demand and supply curves, the model determines the carbon price on the international trade market with buyers and sellers by volume, and the resulting net abatement costs for each region. Long-term reduction strategies can be determined by minimizing cumulative discounted mitigation costs. The FAIR calculations are fed back into the core IMAGE model to calculate impacts on the energy and land use systems. This implies that the system can evaluate measures in industry against those in land use, e.g. relevant for increased bio-energy production. But  also to look into the potential impacts of climate policy such as avoided damages and co-benefits for air pollution..
A key focus of the IMAGE framework is climate change mitigation strategies. For this purpose, IMAGE is linked to the FAIR model (Component [[Climate policy]]) to assess detailed climate policy configurations in support of negotiation processes, and also for inter-temporal optimisation of mitigation strategies. FAIR receives information from various parts of IMAGE, including baseline emissions from energy, industry and land use, the potential for reforestation, and the costs to emission abatement in the energy system. The latter is provided in dynamic marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves, based on the IMAGE energy model, for different regions, gases and sources. Using demand and supply curves, the model determines the carbon price on the international trade market, and the resulting net abatement costs for each region.  
Long-term reduction strategies can be determined by minimising cumulative discounted mitigation costs. The FAIR results are fed back to the core IMAGE model to calculate impacts on the energy and land-use systems. Together, FAIR and IMAGE can be used to assess the relative importance of mitigation measures and the potential impacts of climate policy, such as avoided damage and co-benefits for air pollution.


===Energy policies===
===Energy policies===
The IMAGE framework can account for a wider set of energy policies than climate policy alone, including measures to promote access to modern energy and to improve energy security Moreover, it also possible to constrain or even ban the use of specific technologies in [[TIMER model|TIMER]] such as bio-energy, nuclear power or [[CCS]]. As before, the strength of IMAGE analysis is to look at linkages, synergy and trade-off across global change processes. Examples include the link between energy use and land-use for bio-energy, and the consequences of air pollution for human health.
The IMAGE framework can be used to assess a wider range of energy policies than climate policy alone, including measures to promote access to modern energy and to improve energy security (Component [[Air pollution and energy policies]]). Moreover, it is possible to constrain or even ban the use of specific technologies, such as bioenergy, nuclear power and carbon capture storage. IMAGE analysis incorporates linkages, synergies and trade-offs in global change processes, such as the link between energy use and land use for bioenergy, and the consequences of air pollution for human health.


===Agriculture and land use policies===
===Land and biodiversity policies===
Agricultural policies can also be introduced in different subcomponents of the IMAGE model. This includes the agricultural economy model (trade policies, yield improvements, subsidies and taxes and dietary preferences) and the land use allocation system (restriction on certain land use types). As a coupled system, IMAGE is able to describe the consequences of measures that are introduced, including key trade-offs and feedbacks, such as for instance the consequences for the nutrient cycle, biodiversity and hunger. Key examples include the evaluation of dietary changes with respect to biodiversity, land-use and greenhouse gas emissions, and the evaluation of more stringent land-use planning on biodiversity conservation and food security..
Policies on land use and biodiversity can be introduced in the various IMAGE components (for an overview, see Component [[Land and biodiversity policies]]). These include changes in the agro-economic model (trade policies, subsidies, taxes, yield improvements, and dietary preferences) and the land-use system (restriction on certain land use types, {{AbbrTemplate|REDD}}). As a linked system, IMAGE can assess the system-wide consequences of measures introduced, including trade-offs and feedbacks, such as the consequences of agricultural policies for nutrient cycles, biodiversity and hunger. Key examples are evaluation of dietary changes with respect to biodiversity, land-use and greenhouse gas emissions, and evaluation of more stringent land-use planning and REDD on biodiversity conservation and food security.
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Latest revision as of 09:25, 11 March 2020

Parts of IMAGE framework summary

  1. Introduction page
  2. Introduction model description
  3. Drivers
  4. The Human system
  5. Interaction Human - Earth system
  6. Earth system
  7. Impacts
  8. Policy issues
  9. Data, uncertainty and limitations
  10. Overview of references
Projects/Applications
Relevant overviews
Key publications


Policy issues

The IMAGE framework can be used to explore types of policy issues in a variety of areas. These include possible impacts in the absence of new policies or policy responses, and evaluation of possible policy interventions. IMAGE provides an integrated perspective on policy issues by assessing options in various part of the Human and Earth systems and evaluating the impact from several perspectives. The model assesses the following key areas for policy responses:

  • Climate policy (global targets, regional efforts, costs and benefits)
  • Energy policies (air pollution, energy access, energy security and bioenergy)
  • Land and biodiversity policies (food, bioenergy, nature conservation)
  • Human development policies (malnutrition, health)
  • Measures to reduce the imbalance of nutrient and water cycles.

The first three are discussed below.

Climate policy

A key focus of the IMAGE framework is climate change mitigation strategies. For this purpose, IMAGE is linked to the FAIR model (Component Climate policy) to assess detailed climate policy configurations in support of negotiation processes, and also for inter-temporal optimisation of mitigation strategies. FAIR receives information from various parts of IMAGE, including baseline emissions from energy, industry and land use, the potential for reforestation, and the costs to emission abatement in the energy system. The latter is provided in dynamic marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves, based on the IMAGE energy model, for different regions, gases and sources. Using demand and supply curves, the model determines the carbon price on the international trade market, and the resulting net abatement costs for each region. Long-term reduction strategies can be determined by minimising cumulative discounted mitigation costs. The FAIR results are fed back to the core IMAGE model to calculate impacts on the energy and land-use systems. Together, FAIR and IMAGE can be used to assess the relative importance of mitigation measures and the potential impacts of climate policy, such as avoided damage and co-benefits for air pollution.

Energy policies

The IMAGE framework can be used to assess a wider range of energy policies than climate policy alone, including measures to promote access to modern energy and to improve energy security (Component Air pollution and energy policies). Moreover, it is possible to constrain or even ban the use of specific technologies, such as bioenergy, nuclear power and carbon capture storage. IMAGE analysis incorporates linkages, synergies and trade-offs in global change processes, such as the link between energy use and land use for bioenergy, and the consequences of air pollution for human health.

Land and biodiversity policies

Policies on land use and biodiversity can be introduced in the various IMAGE components (for an overview, see Component Land and biodiversity policies). These include changes in the agro-economic model (trade policies, subsidies, taxes, yield improvements, and dietary preferences) and the land-use system (restriction on certain land use types, REDD). As a linked system, IMAGE can assess the system-wide consequences of measures introduced, including trade-offs and feedbacks, such as the consequences of agricultural policies for nutrient cycles, biodiversity and hunger. Key examples are evaluation of dietary changes with respect to biodiversity, land-use and greenhouse gas emissions, and evaluation of more stringent land-use planning and REDD on biodiversity conservation and food security.

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