Difference between revisions of "Nutrients"

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{{ComponentTemplate2
 
{{ComponentTemplate2
|Application=Global Environmental Outlook - GEO3 project; Global Environmental Outlook - GEO4 project; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment project; OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 (2008) project; OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 (2012) project; Resource Efficiency project; Rethinking Biodiversity Strategies (2010) project; Roads from Rio+20 (2012) project; SSP project; The Protein Puzzle (2011) project;
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|Application=Roads from Rio+20 (2012) project; Shared Socioeconomic Pathways - SSP (2014) project; The Protein Puzzle (2011) project;
|IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Agricultural economy and forestry; Agricultural systems; Agriculture and land use; Aquatic biodiversity; Emissions; Land cover and use; Livestock;
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|IMAGEComponent=Drivers; Agricultural economy; Land-use allocation; Agriculture and land use; Aquatic biodiversity; Emissions; Land cover and land use; Livestock systems;
|KeyReference=Bouwman et al., 2013a; Bouwman et al., 2009; Van Drecht et al., 2009; Morée et al., 2013;
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|KeyReference=Beusen, 2014; Beusen et al., 2015; Beusen et al., 2016; Morée et al., 2013;
|Reference=Bouwman et al., 2013ab; Galloway et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2010;  Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; UNEP, 2002; Rabalais, 2002;
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|Reference=Bouwman et al., 2013c; Galloway et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2010;  Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; UNEP, 2002; Rabalais, 2002; Beusen et al., 2015; Beusen et al., 2016
|InputVar=Population - grid; GDP per capita - grid; Land cover, land use - grid;  Fertilizer use efficiency; Animal stock; Livestock ration; Manure spreading fraction; Nitrogen deposition - grid; NH3 loss; Fraction of urban population; Actual crop and grass production - grid;
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|InputVar=Population - grid; GDP per capita - grid; Land cover, land use - grid; Animal stocks; Livestock rations; Manure spreading fraction; Nitrogen deposition - grid; Actual crop and grass production - grid; Production system mix; Fertiliser use efficiency;
|Parameter=Fraction NH3 loss;
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|OutputVar=NH3 emissions - grid; N and P discharge to surface water - grid;  Soil N budget - grid; Soil P budget - grid; N and P in wastewater discharge - grid;
|OutputVar=NH3 emission - grid; N and P discharge to surface water;  Soil N budget - grid; Soil P budget - grid;
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|Description=Human activity has accelerated the Earth’s biogeochemical nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles through increasing fertiliser use in agriculture ([[Bouwman et al., 2013c]]). Increased use of N and P fertilisers has raised food production to support the rapidly growing world population, and increasing per capita consumption particularly of meat and milk ([[Galloway et al., 2004]]).  
|Description=Human activity has accelerated the Earth’s biogeochemical nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles through increasing fertiliser use in agriculture ([[Bouwman et al., 2013ab]]). Increased use of N and P fertilisers has raised food production to support the rapidly growing world population, and increasing per capita consumption particularly of meat and milk ([[Galloway et al., 2004]]). Increased fertiliser use has contributed to ongoing increases in crop yields.
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A side effect is that significant proportions of the mobilised N are lost through ambient emissions of ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO). Ammonia contributes to eutrophication and acidification when deposited on land. Nitric oxide plays a role in tropospheric ozone chemistry, and nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas. Moreover, large proportions of mobilised N and P in watersheds enter the groundwater through leaching, and are released to surface waters through groundwater transport and surface runoff. Subsequently, nutrients in streams and rivers are transported to coastal marine systems, reduced by retention but augmented by releases from point sources, such as sewerage systems and industrial facilities.
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The side effect is that significant proportions of the mobilised N are lost through ambient emissions of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>), nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) and nitric oxide (NO). Ammonia contributes to eutrophication and acidification when deposited on land. Nitric oxide plays a role in tropospheric ozone chemistry, and nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas. Moreover, large proportions of mobilised N and P in watersheds enter the groundwater through leaching, and are released to surface waters through groundwater transport and surface runoff. Subsequently, nutrients in streams and rivers are transported to coastal marine systems, reduced by retention but augmented by releases from point sources, such as sewerage systems and industrial facilities.
This has resulted in negative impacts on human health and the environment, such as groundwater pollution, loss of habitat and biodiversity, an increases in the frequency and severity of harmful algal blooms, eutrophication, hypoxia and fish kills ([[Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008]]; [[Zhang et al., 2010]]). The harmful effects of eutrophication have spread rapidly around the world, with large-scale implications for biodiversity, water quality, fisheries and recreation, in both industrialised and developing regions ([[UNEP, 2002]]). Input of nutrients in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems, also disturbs the stoichiometric balance of N, P and silica (Si) ([[Rabalais, 2002]]) affecting total plant production and the species composition in ecosystems.
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To assess eutrophication as a consequence of increasing population, and economic and technological development, IMAGE 3.0 includes a nutrient model, which comprises three sub-models:
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This has resulted in negative impacts on human health and the environment, such as groundwater pollution, loss of habitat and biodiversity, an increases in the frequency and severity of harmful algal blooms, eutrophication, hypoxia and fish kills ([[Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008]]; [[Zhang et al., 2010]]). The harmful effects of eutrophication have spread rapidly around the world, with large-scale implications for biodiversity, water quality, fisheries and recreation, in both industrialised and developing regions ([[UNEP, 2002]]). Input of nutrients in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems, also disturbs the stoichiometric balance of N, P and Si (silicon) ([[Rabalais, 2002]]) affecting total plant production and the species composition in ecosystems.
# Wastewater emissions  to generate nutrient flows in wastewater discharges (See figure on the right I);
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# Soil nutrient budget to describe all input and output of N and P in soil compartments (See figure on the right II);
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To assess eutrophication as a consequence of increasing population, and economic and technological development, IMAGE 3.0 includes a nutrient model ([[Beusen, 2014]]; [[Beusen et al., 2015]]; [[Beusen et al., 2016]]), which comprises three sub-models:
# Nutrient environmental fate to describe the fate of soil nutrient surpluses and wastewater nutrients in the aquatic environment, (See figure on the right III).
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# Wastewater module calculating nutrient flows in wastewater discharges (Figure Flowchart, top);
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# Soil nutrient budget module describing all input and output of N and P in soil compartments (Figure Flowchart, middle);
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# Nutrient environmental fate describing the fate of soil nutrient surpluses and wastewater nutrients in the aquatic environment (Figure Flowchart, bottom).
 
|ComponentCode=N
 
|ComponentCode=N
 
|FrameworkElementType=state component
 
|FrameworkElementType=state component
 
}}
 
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Revision as of 13:36, 2 November 2016

Key policy issues

  • How will the increasing use of fertilisers affect terrestrial and marine ecosystems, with possible consequences for human health?
  • To what extent can the negative impacts be reduced by more efficient nutrient management and wastewater treatment, while retaining the positive effects on food production and land productivity?

Introduction