Difference between revisions of "Water"

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{{ComponentTemplate2
 
{{ComponentTemplate2
 
|Application=OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 (2012) project;
 
|Application=OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 (2012) project;
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|IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Agriculture and land use; Natural vegetation and carbon cycle; Crop and grass; Forest management; Human development; Energy supply and demand;
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|IMAGEComponent=Drivers; Agriculture and land use; Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water; Carbon cycle and natural vegetation; Crops and grass; Human development; Energy demand; Land cover and land use; Land-use allocation; Livestock systems;
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|KeyReference=Rost et al., 2008; Gerten et al., 2004; Biemans et al., 2011; Biemans, 2012;
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|KeyReference=Gerten et al., 2004; Biemans et al., 2011; Biemans, 2012;
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|Reference=OECD, 2012; Portmann et al., 2010; Fischer et al., 2005;Molden, 2007; FAO, 2011a; OECD, 2012; Sitch et al., 2003; Bondeau et al., 2007;
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|Reference=OECD, 2012; Portmann et al., 2010; Fischer et al., 2005; Molden, 2007; FAO, 2011a; OECD, 2012;
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|InputVar=Land cover, land use - grid; Temperature - grid; Precipitation - grid; Crop irrigation water demand - grid; Irrigation project and conveyance efficiency; Crop irrigation water demand - grid;
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|InputVar=Land cover, land use - grid; Temperature - grid; Precipitation - grid; Crop irrigation water demand - grid; Irrigation project efficiency; Irrigation conveyance efficiency; Crop irrigation water demand - grid;
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|OutputVar=Water availability - grid; Irrigation water supply; Run off; River flow; Digital water network;
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|Parameter=Soil properties - grid; Digital water network - grid; LOD (location of dams and reservoirs); Water demand other sectors - grid;
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|Parameter=Soil characteristics; Water demand other sectors; Vegetation characteristics;  
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|OutputVar=River discharge - grid; Irrigation water supply - grid; Water stress - grid; Water withdrawal other sectors - grid; Irrigation water withdrawal - grid;
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|Description=Water plays an important role in many natural and human processes. Its availability is essential for natural vegetation and agricultural production, for human settlements and industry. Around one third of the worlds’ population is living in countries already suffering from ‘medium’ to ‘high’ water stress ([[OECD, 2012]]). This number is expected to increase further, due to a growing population that will need more water and is living in a changing climate.
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|Description=Water availability is essential for natural vegetation and agricultural production, human settlements and industry. Around one third of the world’s population lives in countries suffering from medium to high water stress ([[OECD, 2012]]). This number is expected to increase as the water demand will increase due to the population growth, and as water availability may decrease due to global warming.
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Today, agriculture is responsible for 70% of the total global water withdrawals and is thus by far the biggest water user. Around one third of the total global crop production is harvested from irrigated areas, although they only occupy 17% of croplands (e.g. [[Portmann et al., 2010]]). This indicates that irrigation generally supports more productive agricultural practices. 
 
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To meet a growing food demand (see [[Agriculture and land use]]), irrigation is expected to expand in the future  ([[Fischer et al., 2005]]; [[Molden, 2007]]; [[FAO, 2011a]]) and, hence, will increase agricultural water demand. Moreover, the water demand in other sectors (domestic, electricity, manufacturing) is projected to increase strongly, over the coming decades ([[OECD, 2012]]). As a consequence, competition between different water users will increase and resulting water shortages may affect future food production.
 
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Although the total amount of fresh water on earth is more than enough to fulfil all human needs, it is the uneven distribution that makes water a scarce resource in some regions and watersheds. Climate change will lead to changes in precipitation patterns and, therefore, will also alter the future availability of water, adding to water stress in areas where precipitation levels are expected to decline.
 
  
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To identify current and future areas of water stress, IMAGE now includes a hydrological model that calculates both water availability and demand. The hydrological module of [[LPJml model|LPJmL]], coupled to the IMAGE model, is fully integrated with terrestrial carbon and land-use dynamics, and calculates agricultural water demand as well as water availability and withdrawals. Availability of renewable water is the net result of precipitation, interception and evapotranspiration by plants and soils. In the model, the surplus in each grid cell is flowing to neighbouring grid cells within a watersheds by means of a river routing scheme. River flows are modified by dams and reservoirs for irrigation, hydropower production or a mix of the two. The effects of water stress  on crop production can be quantified by limiting the amount of  available water for irrigation to the actually available amount of water in the LPJmL model. By including the feedback of water-limited crop production on land allocation, IMAGE is able to develop more realistic scenarios for cropland expansion and agricultural intensification in the future. The IMAGE model and the LPJmL model are fully and dynamically coupled (see [[Natural vegetation and carbon cycle]]), and IMAGE scenarios therefore include an integral assessment of the water cycle, and can be used to assess water availability and water demand at high spatial (0.5 x 0.5 degree grid cells) and daily resolutions.
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Today, agriculture accounts for 70% of the total global water withdrawals. Around one third of the total global crop production is irrigated although only occupying 17% of croplands (e.g. [[Portmann et al., 2010]]). Irrigated agriculture is expected to increase further to meet the growing demand for food ([[Fischer et al., 2005]]; [[Molden, 2007]]; [[FAO, 2011a]]). Moreover, water demand in other sectors (domestic, electricity, manufacturing) is projected to increase substantially in the coming decades ([[OECD, 2012]]). As a result, competition between water uses will increase and the resulting water shortages may affect future food production.
  
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==Links to other parts of the model, input and output==
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Although the global total quantity of freshwater is more than sufficient to meet all human needs, uneven distribution makes water a scarce resource in some regions and watersheds. Furthermore, climate change will lead to changes in precipitation patterns, thus altering future water availability and adding to water stress in areas where precipitation levels are expected to decline.
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The hydrological model of IMAGE is closely linked to the model on natural vegetation, crop and carbon cycles (see [[Natural vegetation and carbon cycle]]; [[Crop and grass]]), because all those submodels are represented in LPJmL, which is a global hydrology and vegetation model ([[Sitch et al., 2003]]; [[Bondeau et al., 2007]]).  
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An overview of data exchanges with other IMAGE modules is given below. Data on annual land cover and land use are used as input into LPJmL, including information on the location of irrigated areas and types of crops. This influences the amounts of water that evaporate and run off, as well as the amount of water needed for those irrigated areas. Vice versa, information on water availability as calculated by LPJmL is taken into account by the land allocation model to find suitable locations for the expansion of irrigated areas. Climate is used as an input into LPJmL to determine reference evapotranspiration, and the precipitation input to the water balance ([[Gerten et al., 2004]]). The crop model, which is also part of LPJmL ([[Crop and grass]]), calculates irrigation water demand based on crop characteristics, soil moisture and climate. If the amount of water available for irrigation is limited, the crop model calculates the reduction in crop yield due to water stress.
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To identify current and future areas of water stress, IMAGE includes a hydrology model that calculates water availability and demand. The hydrological module of LPJmL is fully integrated with the terrestrial carbon and land-use dynamics of LPJmL and the rest of IMAGE and dynamically calculates agricultural water demand as well as water availability and withdrawals. Availability of renewable water is the net result of precipitation, interception loss and evapotranspiration by plants and soils. In the model, the surplus in each grid cell flows to neighbouring grid cells in a watershed by means of a river routing scheme. However, river flows are modified by dams and reservoirs used for irrigation, and hydropower production or both.  
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The effects of water stress on crop production can be quantified, and by including the feedback of water-limited crop production on land allocation, IMAGE can produce more realistic scenarios for cropland expansion and agricultural intensification. IMAGE and LPJmL are fully and dynamically linked (see [[Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water]]), and thus IMAGE scenarios include an integrated assessment of the water cycle, and can be used to assess water availability and demand at high spatial (0.5x0.5 degree grid cells) and daily resolutions.
 
|ComponentCode=H
 
|ComponentCode=H
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|AggregatedComponent=Vegetation, hydrology and agriculture
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|AggregatedComponent=Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water
 
|FrameworkElementType=state component
 
|FrameworkElementType=state component
 
}}
 
}}

Revision as of 12:21, 1 July 2014

link to framework components overview

Parts of Water

  1. Introduction page
  2. Model description
  3. Policy issues
  4. Data, uncertainty and limitations
  5. Overview of references
Component is implemented in:
Components:
Related IMAGE components
Projects/Applications
Key publications
References
Water module of LPJmL, in IMAGE 3.0
Flowchart Water. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.

Key policy issues

  • What is the combined effect of climate change and socio-economic development on water demand and availability, and on associated agricultural production?
  • What is the potential of adaptation measures to reduce water stress and water-related crop production losses?
  • How can water demand be reduced and still provide the adequate service levels to the sectors with the highest demand?

Introduction

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