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<div class="page_standard"> <h2>Interventions targeting the forestry sector</h2> {{DisplayFigureLeftOptimalTemplate|Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (C)}} Reducing the rate of agricultural expansion can lead to fewer wood products from forest clearance / deforestation, and thus to an increase in the forest area to meet the wood demand ([[PBL, 2010]]); see also Component [[Forest management]]. Options for alternative forest management have been evaluated in [[Rethinking Biodiversity Strategies (2010) project|Rethinking Global Biodiversity Strategies]] ([[PBL, 2010]]). </div> '''Afforestation for climate change mitigation''' Planting forest on former agricultural land results in the storage of carbon in plant biomass. These negative emissions can be crucial to achieve stringent climate targets. In IMAGE, forest can be expanded by reducing agricultural land. Forest can be grown through natural regeneration or through active planting and management of trees (similar to wood plantations) to enhance forest growth ([[Braakhekke et al., 2019]]). The extent of afforestation can be applied cost-optimally by making afforestation dependent on the carbon price as determined in the [[climate policy]] model ([[Doelman et al., 2019]]). In this way, afforestation is compared to other climate change mitigation options in the energy system and in agriculture. Alternatively, afforestation can be prescribed based on government policies or international ambitions. {{#default_form:PolicyResponsePartForm}}
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Policy intervention set description: Interventions targeting shifts in consumption of forest products have a direct effect on timber demand and, thus also affect the need for forestry areas in production (PBL, 2010). The increase in demand could concern industrial roundwood or paper, but also wood as traditional bioenergy. As a first-order effect, an intervention to change demand for industrial products reduces all upstream effects of production proportionally. Data on wood for traditional biomass are not available, and estimates vary greatly partly due to whether the focus is on use or production. With estimates ranging from 1300 Mt/y ([[FAO, 2013a]]) to 2400 Mt/y ([[IEA, 2012]]), a considerable proportion of the total wood use can be attributed to fuelwood. A decrease in wood use for traditional biomass has fewer direct impacts on the IMAGE biodiversity results than decreases in other uses, because only part of the production is harvested in industrial forestry activities (see Component [[Forest management]]). Large quantities of fuelwood are collected or produced in areas smaller than included in the level of detail of the IMAGE framework, such as orchards and road-sides. This implies that interventions related to this kind of use do not completely show up in biodiversity impacts.
Consists of policy interventions: Afforestation policiesAgricultural trade policiesApply emission and energy intensity standardsAvoiding deforestationCapacity targetsCarbon taxChange in grazing intensityChange market shares of fuel typesChange the use of electricity and hydrogenChanges in consumption and diet preferencesChanges in crop and livestock production systemsChanges in feed rationClimate change adaptationClosing the yield gapEffort- or burden-sharing of emission reductionsEmission trading policyEnergy tax or subsidiyEnlarge protected areasExcluding certain technologiesExpanding Reduced Impact LoggingFinancing climate policyHydropowerImplementation of biofuel targetsImplementation of land use planningImplementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy productionImprove behaviourImprove quality of accessImproved irrigation efficiencyImproved manure storageImproved rainwater managementImprovement of feed conversionImproving energy efficiencyIncrease access to foodIncrease access to waterIncrease forest plantationsIncrease natural carbon storageIncreased livestock productivityIncreased storage capacityIntegrated manure managementIntensification or extensification of livestock systemsIntensification/extensification of livestock systemsMitigate environmental changesMore sustainable forest managementNon-CO2 taxation policiesProduction targets for energy technologiesProvision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energyREDD policiesReducing health riskReduction of waste/lossesReduction proposals (pledges)Restrictions on fuel tradeSanitation measuresSubsidies on modern energy
Policy intervention set description: Bioenergy demand will affect demand for forestry products for the energy sector, with effects similar to those expected under the shifts in consumption. The impact on biodiversity will depend on the sustainability criteria, management practices, and regions in which timber is harvested.
Consists of policy interventions: Afforestation policiesAgricultural trade policiesApply emission and energy intensity standardsAvoiding deforestationCapacity targetsCarbon taxChange in grazing intensityChange market shares of fuel typesChange the use of electricity and hydrogenChanges in consumption and diet preferencesChanges in crop and livestock production systemsChanges in feed rationClimate change adaptationClosing the yield gapEffort- or burden-sharing of emission reductionsEmission trading policyEnergy tax or subsidiyEnlarge protected areasExcluding certain technologiesExpanding Reduced Impact LoggingFinancing climate policyHydropowerImplementation of biofuel targetsImplementation of land use planningImplementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy productionImprove behaviourImprove quality of accessImproved irrigation efficiencyImproved manure storageImproved rainwater managementImprovement of feed conversionImproving energy efficiencyIncrease access to foodIncrease access to waterIncrease forest plantationsIncrease natural carbon storageIncreased livestock productivityIncreased storage capacityIntegrated manure managementIntensification or extensification of livestock systemsIntensification/extensification of livestock systemsMitigate environmental changesMore sustainable forest managementNon-CO2 taxation policiesProduction targets for energy technologiesProvision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energyREDD policiesReducing health riskReduction of waste/lossesReduction proposals (pledges)Restrictions on fuel tradeSanitation measuresSubsidies on modern energyImplementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production
Policy intervention set description: Improving forest management will affect the area required to meet timber demand and the impact of timber harvest on biodiversity loss. A system of Reduced Impact Logging ({{abbrTemplate|RIL}}), which relates to improvements that can be implemented in selective logging management, could reduce harvest damage, stimulate regrowth and maintain biodiversity ([[Putz et al., 2012]]). In addition, dedicated plantations could be established and would reduce the area of natural forest needed for timber harvest, since wood production is higher in plantation areas. However, biodiversity values of those areas are relatively low.
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