Land and biodiversity policies/Land-use regulation: Difference between revisions

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|PageLabel=Targeting agricultural demand
|PageLabel=Targeting agricultural demand
|Sequence=3
|Sequence=3
|Description=<h2>Interventions targeting the agricultural production system</h2>
|Description=<h2>Interventions targeting the forestry sector</h2>
The production system describes the way animals are raised and crops are cultivated; for example, which and how much input is used to produce one unit of product, and the amount of wood harvested per square kilometre of forest. Those characteristics then define the environmental impacts. Several interventions may increase the efficiency of production systems, and should thus lead to a lower use of input or to a reduction in environmental impacts.
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{{ZZ PolicyInterventionSetTemplate
{{ZZ PolicyInterventionSetTemplate
|Header=Improving livestock systems
|Header=Changing wood consumption
|Description=Interventions that improve livestock systems include the use of other breeds that have higher feed conversion rates, which may require another ratio of feed composites, or produce less manure. Changes in the feed conversion or composition of feed, for example, the ratio between grazing and feed crop feeding, influence the demand for grazing areas and crop areas, and therefore changing these systems will result in other environmental impacts and other patterns of agricultural land use. The amounts and quality of manure affect nitrogen emission levels and thus also both nutrient balances and climate-change impacts. In addition, biodiversity will be affected via nitrogen emissions. As a positive side effect, different production systems can have positive impacts on animal welfare, too. However, in most cases, higher animal welfare standards involve more input per unit of production ([[PBL, 2011]]). The way manure is stored and applied to the land also differs across livestock systems, and influences crop yields and emission levels. A secondary impact of increasing feed efficiencies could be that of cost reductions, leading to a similar feedback effect as described for changes in demand.
|Description=Interventions that target shifts in the consumption of forest products directly influence the demand for wood and, therefore, also affect the need to take forestry areas into production ([[PBL, 2010]]). This demand increase could be in industrial round wood or paper, but also in the use of wood as a traditional biomass. As a first-order effect, an intervention to change the demand for industrial products reduces all downstream effects of production proportionally. Exact data on the use of wood for traditional biomass as yet is unavailable, and estimates vary greatly, partly due to their varying focus on use or production. Those estimates range from approximately 1300 Mt/yr ([[FAO, 2013a]]) to approximately 2400 Mt/yr ([[IEA, 2012]]). Thus, a considerable part of the total wood use can be attributed to fuel wood. A decrease in the use of wood for traditional biomass has fewer direct impacts on the IMAGE biodiversity results than decreases in other uses, since only part of the production is harvested in industrial forestry activities (see [[Forest management]]). Large amounts of fuel wood are collected or produced on areas smaller than are included in the level of detail of the IMAGE framework, such as orchards or road sides. This implies that interventions related to this kind of use do not completely show up in biodiversity impacts.  
 
|PISet=Sustainability criteria in bio-energy production;  
For the purpose of this section, we distinguish two interventions within the cropping system:  ‘improved cropping systems or varieties’ and ‘crop and grass yields, cropping intensity’. Those two interventions are closely linked. Management in agriculture is a subtle interplay between the cultivar chosen, soil management, fertilizer and other input, and the timing and choice for each cultivation step. Here, the first interventions particularly focus on the reduction in – often negative – external effects other than the use of land. The second intervention targets concern the use of as few hectares as possible (address the amount of product per hectare).
|PISet=Animal waste storage; Crop and livestock production systems; Excretion; Extensification; Feed conversion (policy intervention); Feed ration; Grazing intensity; Integrated manure management; Intensification; Productivity;  
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{{ZZ PolicyInterventionSetTemplate
{{ZZ PolicyInterventionSetTemplate
|Header=Improving cropping systems or varieties
|Header=Managing bio-energy demand
|Description=Improved cropping systems or varieties could increase the efficiency of the use of inputs, including water and nutrients. Combined with an application of those inputs that are well tuned to the requirements of the crops, this would lead to fewer nitrogen emissions or less water use per tonne of crop and, ultimately, would reduce the impacts on biodiversity and climate. Such improved management could also lead to higher yields (see below). Improved systems could imply a shift in the ratio between the factors used, such as labour, capital, land, fertilizer, water and other inputs. Therefore, the cost price of agricultural products may change, resulting in other market prices and a changed consumption.
|Description=Bio-energy demand will impact the demand for forestry products from the energy sector. The same effects as described under the shifts in consumption may also be expected here. The ultimate impact on biodiversity will depend on the sustainability criteria, the management practices, and the regions in which the wood will be harvested.  
|PISet=Crop and livestock production systems;
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|Header=Crop and grass yields
|Header=Improving forest management
|Description=Yield increase can be induced by other crop varieties; for example, by increasing the potential yield or better management (thus, closing the yield gap). One should keep in mind that other – more suitable – crop varieties often also need other types of management in order to give higher yields.
|Description=Improving forest management will impact the area needed to meet the demand as well as the impact of wood harvest on biodiversity loss. A system of Reduced Impact Logging ([[HasAcronym::RIL]]), which relates to several improvements that can be implemented within selective logging management, could reduce harvest damage, stimulate regrowth and maintain biodiversity ([[Putz et al., 2012]]). In addition, the establishment of dedicated wood plantations could decrease the size of the natural forest area needed for wood harvest, since wood productivity is higher in those plantation areas. However the biodiversity values of those areas are relatively low.
|PISet=Crop and livestock production systems; Improved irrigation efficiency; Improved rainwater management; Increasing storage capacity; Integrated manure management;
 
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Agricultural expansion in forest areas results in wood harvest. Declining the rate of agricultural expansion, therefore, leads to fewer wood products and, thus, to an increase in the area needed for forestry in order to meet the wood demand ([[PBL, 2010]]); see [[Forest management]]). Options for alternative forest management have been evaluated in the report Rethinking Global Biodiversity Strategies ([[PBL, 2010]]).
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|PISet=RIL techniques; Sustainable forest management;  
|Header=Cropping intensity
|Description=Cropping intensity can be increased by multiple cropping (more harvests per year), which depends on climatic circumstances, or by decreasing the area that is left fallow. Both interventions would decrease the required production area for all crops, but it could also, locally, increase the environmental impacts per hectare of crops. Where lower area requirements decrease biodiversity and climate impacts, the environmental impacts per hectare could increase them again. Thus, to decrease biodiversity loss, yield increases should go hand in hand with system changes, which may result in fewer negative external impacts, as described for the intervention above. Increased cropping intensity increases the risk of soil degradation if cropping rotations or soil management are not adapted, as well.
|PISet=Crop and livestock production systems;
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