SandBox

	HasPageName	HasFigureType	BelongsToComponent	HasAltTitle	HasCaption
Baseline figure Agricultural economy	File:Ercab7abaf2 hr.jpg	Baseline figure	Agricultural economy	Global agricultural production and areas per region	Food availability measured in kcal per capita per day available for consumption, for initial situation (2010) and for the SSP scenarios (2100), globally and by region. (van Meijl et al., 2020b)
Flowchart Agricultural economy	File:045x img13.png	Flowchart	Agricultural economy	MAGNET- the agro-economic model in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Agricultural economy. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Agricultural economy	File:Gcb14887-fig-0006-m.jpg	Policy intervention figure	Agricultural economy		(a) Land use in 2010. Land-use change in (b) 2010–2050 and (c) 2010–2100 for the scenarios with afforestation (Doelman et al., 2020)
Policy intervention figure Land cover and land use	File:011x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Agriculture and land use	Global food production and land use under the baseline scenario	Changes in agricultural production and land use
Baseline figure Air pollution and energy policies	File:129x img13.png	Baseline figure	Air pollution and energy policies	Global household access to modern fuels for cooking and heating under a baseline scenario	A few key indicators show the trends for energy security, access, air pollution under a baseline scenario.
Flowchart Air pollution and energy policies	File:128s img13.png	Flowchart	Air pollution and energy policies	Linkages between goals and measures for energy access, energy security, climate change and air pollution	Flowchart Air pollution and energy policies. Linkages between components of the IMAGE system, energy policy objectives and possible policy measures.
Policy intervention figure Air pollution and energy policies	File:132g img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Air pollution and energy policies	Global energy trade under the baseline and sustainability scenarios, 2050	Compared to the baseline, energy trade is significantly reduced under the sustainability scenarios (PBL, 2012).
Baseline figure Aquatic biodiversity	File:102x img13.png	Baseline figure	Aquatic biodiversity	Aquatic Mean Species Abundance under a baseline scenario	In a baseline scenario, aquatic biodiversity is projected to decrease further.
Flowchart Aquatic biodiversity	File:101s img13.png	Flowchart	Aquatic biodiversity	GLOBIO model for aquatic ecosystems	Flowchart Aquatic biodiversity. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Aquatic biodiversity	File:170k img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Aquatic biodiversity	Avoided aquatic biodiversity loss compared to the baseline, under a combination of policy options	A set of ambitious policy options could reduce aquatic biodiversity loss compared to a baseline scenario.
Baseline figure Atmospheric composition and climate	File:091x img13.png	Baseline figure	Atmospheric composition and climate	Greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 concentration, temperature increase and radiative forcing under baseline and climate policy scenarios	In the policy scenarios, emissions decrease strongly after 2020, while concentration levels only decrease or stabilise after 2050. Global mean temperature, due to inertia in the climate system, will not stabilise until the end of this century under the most ambitious climate policy scenario (2.6 W/m2).
Flowchart Atmospheric composition and climate	File:090s img13.png	Flowchart	Atmospheric composition and climate	Atmospheric composition and climate model (based on MAGICC 6.0) in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Atmospheric composition and climate. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Atmospheric composition and climate	File:096x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Atmospheric composition and climate	Radiative forcing and temperature change under baseline and policy scenarios	In addition to ‘conventional’ climate policy, there may be situations where urgent action on climate change is required, either via rapid mitigation, or via Solar Radiation Management (SRM) (e.g. sulphur emissions to the stratosphere). Radiative forcing is immediately stabilised at the intended level by SRM, and also temperatures are adjusted immediately (though not yet at the equilibrium level), and even faster under extreme SRM than would be possible through strong mitigation. However, substantial uncertainties and risks are related to such drastic manipulations of the radiation balance.
Baseline figure Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	File:600px 075g img13.png	Baseline figure	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation IMAGE framework summary/Earth system	Cumulative terrestrial carbon flux of long-term climate scenarios	Cumulative terrestrial carbon flux of long-term climate scenarios (Müller et al., 2016)
Flowchart Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	File:073s img13.png	Flowchart	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation module of LPJmL, in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Carbon cycle and natural vegetation. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Carbon cycle and natural vegetation II	File:600px 076g img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Change in cumulative CO2 emissions under increasing forest protection, compared to the baseline scenario, 2010-2030	Increasingly strict REDD regimes might lead to substantial reduction in cumulative terrestrial CO2 emission (Overmars et al., 2014).
Baseline figure Climate policy	File:122x img13.png	Baseline figure	Climate policy	Greenhouse gas emissions under baseline scenarios and pledges, for Brazil	The national projection is from the National Decree No. 7390, and the WEO 2010 projection is from the World Energy Outlook (2010) of International Energy Agency.
Flowchart Climate policy	File:121s img13.png	Flowchart	Climate policy	FAIR, the climate policy model in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Climate policy. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
002g ind16 CP	File:002g ind16.png	Policy intervention figure	Climate policy	Regional and global abatement costs for NDCs
Policy intervention figure Climate policy	File:125x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Climate policy	Greenhouse gas emissions, radiative forcing and costs under mitigation scenarios	Scenario results describing emission pathways representing optimal and delayed policy action (Copenhagen pledges) in 2020, in terms of CO2 emission (including land use), associated radiative forcing (including all gases and aerosol forcing), and global mitigation costs (as percentage of GDP).
Baseline figure Crops and grass	File:078x img13.png	Baseline figure	Crops and grass	Relative change in decadal mean production according to the GGC models, with and without CO2 fertilization effect	The effect of climate change on crop yields strongly depends on the effect of CO2 fertilisation, also represented in LPJmL. Lines show means across several climate scenarios; adopted from Rosenzweig et al. (2014).
Flowchart Crops and grass	File:077s img13.png	Flowchart	Crops and grass	Crop and grass module of LPJmL, in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Crops and grass. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Crops and grass	File:079x2 img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Crops and grass	Climate change impacts on crop yields from 1981 - 2010 to 2070 - 2099	By the end of the century climate change impacts on crop yields under the baseline could be reduced by stringent climate policy.
Baseline figure Drivers	File:142g img13.png	Baseline figure	Drivers	Population under the OECD baseline and SSP scenarios	The total global population is projected to peak and then decline in the coming century, except under the high-end assumptions (SSP3). By 2100, the population may range between the current and twice as many as in 2000 in the SSPs. The OECD Outlook assumes an intermediate population growth trajectory, close to the medium population SSP scenarios.
Flowchart Drivers	File:020s img13.png	Flowchart	Drivers	Scenario development and model drivers for IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Drivers. Model drives are inferred from scenario storylines taking into account external data sources, such as time series, cross-sector data, and literature sources.
Policy intervention figure Drivers	File:143x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Drivers	GDP under OECD baseline and the SSP scenarios	Projected total world GDP in the OECD environmental outlook (OECD, 2012) and in the SSP scenarios according to OECD (left), per world region in SSP2 according to OECD (middle) and according to different sources for SSP3 (right). GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is shown in purchasing power parity (ppp), SSP data from the SSP database (IIASA, 2013).
Baseline figure Ecosystem services	File:115k img13.png	Baseline figure	Ecosystem services	Numder of the seven ecosystem services sufficiently suppled, 2000	Assessing how many of the 7 ecosystem services addressed in IMAGE (food, water, Carbon sequestration, erosion protection, pollination, pest control, flood protection, tourism) can be sufficiently supplied allows to identify hotspots of losses in ecosystem services.
Flowchart Ecosystem services	File:114s img13.png	Flowchart	Ecosystem services	Ecosystem Services model in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Ecosystem services. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Ecosystem services	File:116g img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Ecosystem services	Assessment of sufficient supply of ecosystem services under the baseline and sustainability scenarios	While the supply of ecosystem services is decreasing under a baseline scenario, much of this decline could be avoided under a sustainability scenario (all based on PBL, 2012).
Baseline figure Emissions	File:171x img13.png	Baseline figure	Emissions	Gloval greenhouse gas emissions and temperature changes under a baseline scenario	Future greenhouse gas emissions are mostly driven by an increase in energy use, while the relative contribution of land-use related emissions is projected to decrease.
Flowchart Emissions	File:148s img13.png	Flowchart	Emissions	Emission module of IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Emissions. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page. Anthropogenic sources, for natural sources see Table 5.2.2. More detail on inputs and outputs, and how they link to other IMAGE components is presented at the end of this section (Emission table).
Policy intervention figure Emissions	File:067x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Emissions	Global emission of NOx and SO2 per sector under baseline and policy scenarios	Climate policy has important co-benefits for air pollution.
Baseline figure Energy conversion	File:029g img13.png	Baseline figure	Energy conversion	Electricity production, per energy carrier under a baseline scenario	Increase in primary energy demand for electricity production is dominated by coal, despite a rapid growth of renewable energy.
Flowchart Energy conversion	File:028s img13.png	Flowchart	Energy conversion	TIMER model, electricity module	Flowchart Energy conversion. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Energy conversion	File:032x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Energy conversion	Global capacity of the power sector	The large share of conventional coal power in the baseline is replaced by fossil power with CCS and renewable capacity in the sustainability scenarios.
Baseline figure Energy demand	File:023x img13.png	Baseline figure	Energy demand	Global final energy demand under a baseline scenario	Between 2010 and 2050 energy demand for transport and industry, and for natural gas and electricity contribute most to the overall increase.
Flowchart Energy demand	File:022s img13.png	Flowchart	Energy demand	TIMER model, energy demand module	Some sectors are represented in a generic way as shown here, the sectors transport, residential and heavy industry are modelled in specific modules.
Policy intervention figure Energy demand	File:024x img13.PNG	Policy intervention figure	Energy demand	Global primary energy use under baseline and policy scenarios	The ‘envisaged policies’ scenario includes currently planned policies, the ‘global resource efficiency’ scenario assumes ambitious energy efficiency policies, and the ‘global resource efficiency and climate policy’ scenario additionally assumes policies to meet the 2 °C target. Total primary energy use could be significantly reduced by policies on energy efficiency, whereas additional climate policy would mostly affect the type of resources used. (Van den Berg et al., 2011b)
Baseline figure Energy supply	File:036x img13.png	Baseline figure	Energy supply	Energy production per region under a baseline scenario	Over time the share of most important energy producers for different forms of energy changes. This has implications for energy security.
Flowchart Energy supply	File:034s img13.png	Flowchart	Energy supply	TIMER model, energy supply module	Flowchart Energy supply. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Energy supply	File:043x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Energy supply	Global primary energy supply
Flowchart Energy supply and demand	File:021s img13.png	Flowchart	Energy supply and demand	TIMER, the energy demand and supply model in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Energy supply and demand. Overview of the IMAGE/TIMER model
Baseline figure Flood risks	File:107x img13.png	Baseline figure	Flood risks	Flood-related damage in Bangladesh, 30-year event, based on the historic climate (1961-1990)	Inundation depth of 30-year flood scaled down to Bangladesh (left); The estimated annual damage due to floods (not only due to a 30-year event) is more concentrated when applying the land-use method compared to the population method.
Flowchart Flood risks	File:105x img13.png	Flowchart	Flood risks	GLOFRIS, the flood risk model in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Flood risks. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Flood risks	File:155x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Flood risks	Flood related damage in Bangladesh	Future expected annual damage due to flooding depends on future climate change, but much even more on future GDP and population distribution.
Baseline figure Forest management	File:054x img13.png	Baseline figure	Forest management	Forest and forestry	Areas of managed forest are projected to increase in the coming decades; improved forest management, especially forest plantations, could limit the area required for wood production.
Flowchart Forest management	File:053s img13.png	Flowchart	Forest management	Forest management module in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Forest management. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page. The option of forest plantations in IMAGE and LPJmL is still under development, and expected to be available soon.
Policy intervention figure Forest management	File:056x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Forest management	Prevented global MSA (Mean Species Abundance) loss compared to the baseline scenario, 2000 - 2050	Improved forest management can contribute to reducing biodiversity loss (measured in MSA, see Component Terrestrial biodiversity ).
IMAGE framework schematic	File:004s img13.png	Flowchart	Framework overview	An overview of the IMAGE framework	An overview of the IMAGE framework and its components
Baseline figure Human development	File:118x img13.png	Baseline figure	Human development	Child mortality under a baseline scenario, per cause, per region	Under a baseline scenario, the global under-five mortality rates will only reach the level of the Millenium Development goals by 2050.
Flowchart Human development	File:117s img13.png	Flowchart	Human development	GISMO model to assess human development in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Human development. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Human development	File:120g img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Human development	Global under-five mortality rate under baseline and sustainability scenarios	Compared to the baseline, the sustainability scenarios ‘Global Technology’ and ‘Challenge +’ (PBL, 2012) will reduce child mortality, but the MDG target set for 2015 would still only be met after 2030.
Baseline figure Water II	File:084k img13.png	Baseline figure	IMAGE framework summary/Earth system	Regions vulnerable to crop production losses due to irrigation water shortage	Regions vulnerable to crop production losses due to shortages in irrigation water (Biemans, 2012).
Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (D)	File:136s img13.png	Flowchart	Land and biodiversity policies	Policy interventions in land-use regulation	Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (D). Policy interventions that regulate land use and land supply.
Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (A)	File:133s img13.png	Flowchart	Land and biodiversity policies	Policy interventions in agricultural demand	Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (A). Policy interventions in the agricultural demand system.
Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (B)	File:134s img13.png	Flowchart	Land and biodiversity policies	Policy interventions in the crop and livestock production systems	Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (B). Policy interventions in crop and livestock production systems.
Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (C)	File:135s img13.png	Flowchart	Land and biodiversity policies	Policy interventions in the forestry system	Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (C). Policy interventions targeting the forestry sector.
Policy intervention figure Land and biodiversity policies	File:137x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Land and biodiversity policies	Change in global biodiversity per option, compared to baseline scenario	Results of several interventions in declining biodiversity loss (PBL, 2010)
Policy intervention figure Land and biodiversity policies II	File:140x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Land and biodiversity policies	Global biodiversity under baseline and sustainability scenarios to prevent biodiversity loss	Biodiversity is projected to decline further in the baseline scenario (left). Various measures in the demand system, the production system and in land-use regulation contribute to reducing biodiversity loss in the sustainability scenarios (right).
Baseline figure Land degradation	File:163g img13.png	Baseline figure	Land degradation	Water erosion sensitivity of global land areas under baseline and sustainability scenarios	Under baseline conditions, the risk of high and very high water-induced erosion increases strongly up until 2050. Under the sustainability scenario (PBL, 2012), most of the increase under the baseline scenario is avoided by the combined effect of less land conversion and less climatic change.
Flowchart Land degradation	File:110x img13.png	Flowchart	Land degradation	Two approaches to assess land degradation in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Land degradation. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Land degradation	File:111x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Land degradation	Changein main soil properties and maize yields, from undisturbed state to conditions in 2005	As a result of soil degradation and changes in soil properties, yields are up to 30 % lower than they would have been under pristine conditions, in some parts of the world.
Baseline figure Land-use allocation	File:Capture.PNG	Baseline figure	Land-use allocation	Distribution of land systems	Natural land conversion in selected SSP scenarios for the 2020-2100 period (van Vuuren et al., 2021)
Flowchart Land-use allocation	File:058x img13.png	Flowchart	Land-use allocation	Land-use allocation model in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Land-use allocation. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Land-use allocation	File:Capture2.PNG	Policy intervention figure	Land-use allocation	Carbon emissions and land use under restricted land supply, compared to the baseline scenario, 2020	Impact of land-use change, protection and restoration policies on ecosystem functions (van Esch et al., 2021)
Baseline figure Livestock systems	File:063g img13.png	Baseline figure	Livestock systems	Global grass consumption under a baseline scenario	Despite a shift towards compound feed, global grass consumption in livestock systems is projected to increase (PBL, 2012).
Flowchart Livestock systems	File:062s img13.png	Flowchart	Livestock systems	Livestock systems module in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Livestock systems. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Livestock systems	File:063g img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Livestock systems	Global grassland area under baseline and sustainability scenario	Future trends in grassland areas strongly depend on grassland management and productivity (PBL, 2012).
Baseline figure Nutrients	File:147g img13.png	Baseline figure	Nutrients	Soil nitrogen budget per region	The nitrogen soil budgets in Northern America, Europe, Russia and Central Asia, Japan and Oceania are stable or decreasing after 2005, they are projected to strongly increase in many other regions in a baseline scenario.
Flowchart Nutrients	File:149x img13.png	Flowchart	Nutrients	Nutrient module of IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Nutrients. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Nutrients	File:146g img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Nutrients	Global soil nitrogen budget under a number of policy interventions, 2050	Several policy interventions can lead to a reduction in the global soil nitrogen budget compared to a baseline scenario (Bouwman et al., 2013c).
Baseline figure Terrestrial biodiversity	File:099g img13.png	Baseline figure	Terrestrial biodiversity	Pressures driving global biodiversity loss under a baseline scenario	Land-use change and encroachment are projected to remain the most important drivers of biodiversity loss, but climate change will also become a significant pressure.
Flowchart Terrestrial biodiversity	File:098s img13.png	Flowchart	Terrestrial biodiversity	GLOBIO model for terrestrial biodiversity in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Terrestrial biodiversity. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Terrestrial biodiversity	File:100g img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Terrestrial biodiversity	Prevented global MSA (Mean Species Abundance) loss compared to baseline scenario, 2000 - 2050	Several policy interventions in land-use regulation, production and demand systems could prevent some of the biodiversity loss projected in the baseline. The single largest effects can be expected from closing the yield gap, and from dietary changes.
Baseline figure Water	File:082x img13.png	Baseline figure	Water	Global water demand and water stress under a baseline scenario	As a result of increasing water demand and climate change, the number of people living under water stress is projected to increase (top, OECD 2012), and more regions might face a reduction in crop production due to irrigation water shortage (bottom, Biemans 2012).
Flowchart Water	File:080x img13.png	Flowchart	Water	Water module of LPJmL, in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Water. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.
Policy intervention figure Water	File:085x img13.png	Policy intervention figure	Water	Contribution of water sources to meet irrigation water demand	Three of the five water basins on the Indian subcontinent strongly rely on groundwater resources to meet irrigation water demand. Doubling the capacity of large dams can increase the amount of irrigation water available in some basins. In all basins, improved irrigation efficiency leads to a significant reduction in water required for irrigation.