Climate policy/Description: Difference between revisions
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|Reference=Enerdata, 2010; Kindermann et al., 2008; Den Elzen et al., 2007; Van Vliet et al., 2009; Van Vuuren et al., 2011; Meinshausen et al., 2011c; Hof et al., 2013; Hof et al., 2012; Den Elzen et al., 2012b; Den Elzen et al., 2012c; | |Reference=Enerdata, 2010; Kindermann et al., 2008; Den Elzen et al., 2007; Van Vliet et al., 2009; Van Vuuren et al., 2011; Meinshausen et al., 2011c; Hof et al., 2013; Hof et al., 2012; Den Elzen et al., 2012b; Den Elzen et al., 2012c; Den Elzen et al., 2008; Den Elzen et al., 2011a; Den Elzen et al., 2011b; Hof et al., 2008; Hof et al., 2010; Hof et al., 2009; | ||
|Description=<h2> Model description </h2> | |Description=<h2> Model description </h2> | ||
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===Effort-sharing module=== | ===Effort-sharing module=== | ||
The effort-sharing module calculates emission targets for regions and countries, resulting from different emission allocation or effort-sharing schemes (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., | The effort-sharing module calculates emission targets for regions and countries, resulting from different emission allocation or effort-sharing schemes (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2012b]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2012c]]; [[Hof et al., 2012]]). Such schemes start either at the global allowed emission level, after which a certain effort-sharing approach allocates emission allowances across regions, or at the required global reduction level, after which various effort-sharing approaches allocate regional emission reduction targets. Both these approaches use information from the global pathfinder and climate module on the required global emission level or emission reductions. As an alternative, emission allowances can be allocated to regions without a predefined global (reduction) target, based on different effort-sharing approaches. Effort-sharing approaches included in the model are Contraction & Convergence, common-but-differentiated convergence and a multi-stage approach. | ||
===Mitigation costs module=== | |||
The mitigation costs module is used for calculating the regional mitigation costs of achieving the targets calculated in the policy evaluation and/or the effort-sharing module, and to determine the buyers and sellers on the international emissions trading market (for instance, [[Den Elzen et al., 2008]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2011a]]; [[Den Elzen et al., 2011b]]). As input, the model uses regional, gas- and source-specific MAC curves, which reflect the additional costs of abating one extra tonne of CO2 equivalent emissions. In this way, the MAC curves describe the potential and costs of the different abatement options considered. The model uses aggregated regional permit demand and supply curves, derived from the MAC curves, to calculate the equilibrium permit price on the international trading market, its buyers and sellers, and the resulting domestic and external abatement per region. The design of the emissions trading market can include constraints on imports and exports of emission permits, non-competitive behaviour, transaction costs associated with the use of emission trading, a less than fully efficient supply of viable CDM projects with respect to their operational availability, and the banking of surplus emission allowances. | |||
===Damage and cost-benefit module=== | |||
The damage and cost-benefit module calculates the consumption loss resulting from the damage of climate change, and compares these with the consumption losses of adaptation and mitigation costs (for instance, [[Hof et al., 2008]]; [[Hof et al., 2009]]; [[Hof et al., 2010]]). The estimates on adaptation costs and residual damage were based on the AD-RICE model (de Bruin et al. 2009). The AD-RICE model estimates adaptation costs based on total damage projections by the RICE model. These total damage projections include both adaptation costs and residual damage. Calibration of the regional adaptation cost functions was based on an assessment of each impact category described in the RICE model, using relevant literature, supplemented with expert judgement where necessary. The optimal level of adaptation can be calculated by the model, but the level of adaptation may also be set to a non-optimal level by the user. Consumption losses are estimated based on a simple Cobb-Douglas economic growth model. First, this model, for each region, is separately calibrated to the exogenous GDP path. Next, damage, adaptation costs and abatement costs are subtracted from investment or consumption to determine the effect on consumption (directly by replacing consumption or indirectly by replacing investments). | |||
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