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Component	Policy key question
[[<span class="smw-highlighter" data-type="4" data-state="inline" data-title="Warning" title="Some use of &quot]]	How will the biodiversity in freshwater bodies develop in the absence of additional policies and measures? What would be the impact of global climate change in this century without additional mitigation policies and measures? What is the area of cropland and grassland required to support future food demand? How do energy policies contribute to economic and social development, and how do they support or hamper a more sustainable future? How will changes in agricultural demand and trade affect future land-use patterns? How will climate change affect the productivity of current and future agricultural areas? What global greenhouse gas emissions pathways would meet the well below 2 °C climate target? How will emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants develop in scenarios with and without policy interventions, such as climate policy and air pollution control? What is the potential role of energy conversion sector, particularly in power production, in achieving a more sustainable energy system? How will energy demand evolve particularly in emerging and medium- and low-income economies? How would ecosystem services and the benefits from the natural environment develop in the absence of specific policies? How can energy resources be exploited to meet future primary energy demand? How can energy supply and demand become more sustainable, balancing human development, security of supply, and concerns about climate change and air pollution? How can management influence forest capacity to meet future demand for wood and other ecosystem services? How will future flood risk change as a result of socio-economic changes and climate change? What are the key future trends in human development, such as those targeted by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? How could global environmental issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss and air pollution evolve? How can land-use policies contribute to strategies for halting biodiversity loss and reducing greenhouse gas emissions? In what parts of the world have human-induced changes in land and soil conditions occurred? What are the impacts of increasing livestock production on land use, greenhouse gases and other emissions to air and surface water? How will the increasing use of fertilisers affect terrestrial and marine ecosystems, with possible consequences for human health? What is the role of the terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle, how will it change in time as a result of climate and land-use change? What are the key pressure factors causing loss of aquatic biodiversity? To what extent would the various scenarios to significantly reduce net greenhouse gas emissions lead to a reduction in climate change? What are the policy options to reduce agricultural land use and to safeguard global biodiversity, while ensuring food security? How can the goals for affordable, clean and reliable energy be achieved taking into account possible synergies and trade-offs? How will land-use regulation, such as protected areas and REDD schemes, affect future land use and the impacts of land-use change? How could management improve agricultural productivity under current and future water constraints? What is the effect of effort-sharing approaches on regional and national emission reduction targets and on the cost of climate policies? What synergies between climate policy and air pollution control can be identified? What are the potential roles of individual technologies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), nuclear power, hydrogen and renewable energy? What is the mix of end-use energy carriers to meet future energy demand? How could policy interventions contribute to improving future ecosystem services? How can energy supply and demand be balanced between world regions, and how will this effect security of supply? What transitions in the energy system would meet long-term climate goals? What are the implications of forest management for pristine and managed forest areas, and on biomass and carbon stocks and fluxes of relevance for climate policy? What would be the impact of floods, in terms of damage and victims, and where are the hot spots? How are changes in the global environment likely to affect human development? What are the consequences of these changes for international targets for biodiversity protection (addressed by the CBD), climate change (UNFCCC) and human development (addressed by the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals)? How can changes in consumption patterns contribute to achieving sustainability goals through changes in land use? What are the future risks of soil degradation? How does the use of marginal lands for grazing increase the risk of degradation and loss of productivity, inducing more forest clearing? To what extent can the negative impacts be reduced by more efficient nutrient management and wastewater treatment, while retaining the positive effects on food production and land productivity? To what extent can the terrestrial biosphere contribute to reducing the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere and what are viable mechanisms? How do climate change and land-use management affect the land productivity of current and future agricultural land? How will policies and measures to reduce the key pressure factors contribute to meeting the internationally agreed targets of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)? To what extent does the uncertainty of geographical patterns in temperature and precipitation change influence future climate impacts and response strategies? How can the implications of biofuels for land use and greenhouse gases be managed sustainably? How can agricultural intensification increase global food production, and what policies will contribute to this? How will agriculture affect the Earth system with respect to carbon emissions, freshwater availability and nutrient cycles? ... further results
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