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This is a property of type Text.
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Landcover of four RIO+20 scenarios in 2050 +
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Mapping of IMAGE framework components to the computer models.<br/>
Note: Land-use emissions are also calculated in LPJmL. +
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Food prices and food price effects, 2050 +
Change in cereal yields in baseline scenario, 2015 - 2050 +
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Natural land cover type (biome) classification from area shares of individual Plant Functional Types (PFT)s (expresses as foliage projected cover, FPC) and mean annual temperature (Tmean). Subscripts of FPC refer to individual PFTs (1: tropical broadleaved evergreen, 2: tropical broadleaved raingreen, 3: temperate needleleaved evergreen, 4: temperate broadleaved evergreen, 5: temperate broadleaved summergreen, 6: boreal summergreen, 7: boreal needleleaved evergreen, 8: C3 herbaceous, 9: C4 herbaceous), tropical PFTs (“trop”) are PFTs 1 and 2, temperate PFTs (“temp”) are PFTs 3-5, boreal PFTS (“bor”) are PFTs 6 and 7, tree PFTs (“tree”) are PFTs 1-7, grass PFTs are PFTs 8 and 9. +
(a) Land use in 2010. Land-use change in (b) 2010–2050 and (c) 2010–2100 for the scenarios with afforestation (Doelman et al., 2020) +
Compared to the baseline, energy trade is significantly reduced under the sustainability scenarios (PBL, 2012). +
A set of ambitious policy options could reduce aquatic biodiversity loss compared to a baseline scenario. +
In addition to ‘conventional’ climate policy, there may be situations where urgent action on climate change is required, either via rapid mitigation, or via Solar Radiation Management (SRM) (e.g. sulphur emissions to the stratosphere). Radiative forcing is immediately stabilised at the intended level by SRM, and also temperatures are adjusted immediately (though not yet at the equilibrium level), and even faster under extreme SRM than would be possible through strong mitigation. However, substantial uncertainties and risks are related to such drastic manipulations of the radiation balance. +
Increasingly strict REDD regimes might lead to substantial reduction in cumulative terrestrial CO<sub>2</sub> emission (Overmars et al., 2014). +
Scenario results describing emission pathways representing optimal and delayed policy action (Copenhagen pledges) in 2020, in terms of CO<sub>2</sub> emission (including land use), associated radiative forcing (including all gases and aerosol forcing), and global mitigation costs (as percentage of GDP). +
By the end of the century climate change impacts on crop yields under the baseline could be reduced by stringent climate policy. +
Projected total world GDP in the OECD environmental outlook (OECD, 2012) and in the SSP scenarios according to OECD (left), per world region in SSP2 according to OECD (middle) and according to different sources for SSP3 (right). GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is shown in purchasing power parity (ppp), SSP data from the SSP database (IIASA, 2013). +
While the supply of ecosystem services is decreasing under a baseline scenario, much of this decline could be avoided under a sustainability scenario (all based on PBL, 2012). +
Climate policy has important co-benefits for air pollution. +
The large share of conventional coal power in the baseline is replaced by fossil power with CCS and renewable capacity in the sustainability scenarios. +
The ‘envisaged policies’ scenario includes currently planned policies, the ‘global resource efficiency’ scenario assumes ambitious energy efficiency policies, and the ‘global resource efficiency and climate policy’ scenario additionally assumes policies to meet the 2 °C target. Total primary energy use could be significantly reduced by policies on energy efficiency, whereas additional climate policy would mostly affect the type of resources used. (Van den Berg et al., 2011b) +