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<div class="page_standard"> <h2>Land-use regulation</h2> Demand and production technology determine the overall demand for agricultural and forestry land. However, land-use patterns and agricultural areas may also be influenced by regulating the land area available for specific purposes. Land allocation can be restricted in several ways. {{DisplayFigureLeftOptimalTemplate|Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (D)}} </div> {{#default_form:PolicyResponsePartForm}}
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Policy intervention set description: {{DisplayFigureTemplate|Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (B)}}{{DisplayFigureTemplate|Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (A)}} Land-use planning directly affects the land-use pattern, which determines the impact on climate and biodiversity and could enhance the use of ecosystem functions. Measures, such as zoning plans and land registration, designate land areas to certain uses, including protected areas and natural corridors between designated agricultural land areas. The purpose of such natural corridors is to limit the impact on biodiversity of large agricultural areas and to connect individual spots rich in biodiversity. Restricting the land area for agriculture could affect land prices and prices of agricultural commodities thus reduce the relative costs of production factors, such as labour and capital, and other inputs. Such interventions may result in changes to the production system (Figure B) and the demand system (Figure A), and in impacts on biodiversity and climate.
Consists of policy interventions: Afforestation policiesAgricultural trade policiesApply emission and energy intensity standardsAvoiding deforestationCapacity targetsCarbon taxChange in grazing intensityChange market shares of fuel typesChange the use of electricity and hydrogenChanges in consumption and diet preferencesChanges in crop and livestock production systemsChanges in feed rationClimate change adaptationClosing the yield gapEffort- or burden-sharing of emission reductionsEmission trading policyEnergy tax or subsidiyEnlarge protected areasExcluding certain technologiesExpanding Reduced Impact LoggingFinancing climate policyHydropowerImplementation of biofuel targetsImplementation of land use planningImplementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy productionImprove behaviourImprove quality of accessImproved irrigation efficiencyImproved manure storageImproved rainwater managementImprovement of feed conversionImproving energy efficiencyIncrease access to foodIncrease access to waterIncrease forest plantationsIncrease natural carbon storageIncreased livestock productivityIncreased storage capacityIntegrated manure managementIntensification or extensification of livestock systemsIntensification/extensification of livestock systemsMitigate environmental changesMore sustainable forest managementNon-CO2 taxation policiesProduction targets for energy technologiesProvision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energyREDD policiesReducing health riskReduction of waste/lossesReduction proposals (pledges)Restrictions on fuel tradeSanitation measuresSubsidies on modern energy
Policy intervention set description: {{DisplayFigureTemplate|Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (B)}} Some land uses that also provide ecosystem services could generate additional returns via REDD+ schemes or payments for ecosystem services. Such payments would place a value on ecosystem services that do not have a market value at present and would then compete with other economic activities for the same land area. This intervention would restrict the land available for agriculture or forestry, which would affect land prices and reduce consumption. This could induce adaptations in the production system (Figure B), and consequently alter the impacts on biodiversity and climate at that level. The outcome of introducing payments for ecosystem services are currently most uncertain, as such schemes have not been applied frequently as yet.
Policy intervention set description: Expansion of bio-reserves should increase biodiversity values, provided sites are well selected. The climate impact of these protection areas depends on the carbon content of the standing biomass. Most hot spots for biodiversity protection also have high carbon content ([[UNEP-WCMC, 2008]]). Furthermore, the impact of this intervention on agricultural production depends on the productivity level in these areas. Restricting the land area available for agriculture could affect land prices. Consequently, the same impacts as described under land-use planning could be expected. Expansion of bio-reserves has been analysed by PBL ([[PBL, 2010]]; [[PBL, 2012]]), and an evaluation of costs and CO<sub>2</sub> emission reductions via {{abbrTemplate|REDD+}} schemes has been made by Overmars et al. ([[Overmars et al., 2012| 2012]]).
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