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Create csv export for variables and policy interventions

Scenario drivers

IMAGE model drivers and input variables

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External datasets

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Outputs

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Energy supply and demand

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Nr model variables is: 10 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:1 CSV

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 2 CSV

Energy demand

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Nr model variables is: 12 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:1 CSV

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 5 CSV

Energy conversion

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Nr model variables is: 7 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:2 CSV

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 5 CSV

Energy supply

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Nr model variables is: 7 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:1 CSV

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 7 CSV

Agricultural economy and forestry

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Nr model variables is: 0

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nr external parameters is:0

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 0

Forest management

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Nr model variables is: 8 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:2 CSV

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 6 CSV

Agricultural systems

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Nr model variables is: 0

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nr external parameters is:0

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nr of outputs is: 0

Livestock

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Nr model variables is: 0

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nr external parameters is:0

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 0

Natural vegetation and carbon cycle

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nr external parameters is:0

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nr of outputs is: 0

Crop and grass

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Nr model variables is: 0

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nr external parameters is:0

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nr of outputs is: 0

Hydrological cycle

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External datasets

nr external parameters is:0

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nr of outputs is: 0

Nutrient balances

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nr external parameters is:0

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nr of outputs is: 0

Atmospheric composition and climate

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Nr model variables is: 9 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:4 CSV

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 9 CSV

Terrestrial biodiversity

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Nr model variables is: 6 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:6 CSV

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 5 CSV

Aquatic biodiversity

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Nr model variables is: 3 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:5 CSV

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 2 CSV

Flood risks

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Nr model variables is: 5 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:4 CSV

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 5 CSV

Land degradation

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Nr model variables is: 4 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:3 CSV

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 2 CSV

Ecosystem goods and services

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Nr model variables is: 0

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nr external parameters is:0

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nr of outputs is: 0

Human development

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Nr model variables is: 10 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:0

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 8 CSV

Climate policy

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Nr model variables is: 13 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:2 CSV

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 8 CSV

Emissions

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Nr model variables is: 6 CSV

External datasets

nr external parameters is:2 CSV

Outputs

nr of outputs is: 6 CSV

Land cover and use

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Nr model variables is: 0

External datasets

nr external parameters is:0

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nr of outputs is: 0

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PI	Component
Afforestation policies	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation
Afforestation policies	Agricultural economy
Agricultural trade policies	Agricultural economy
Agricultural trade policies	Land-use allocation
Agricultural trade policies	Terrestrial biodiversity
Agricultural trade policies	Ecosystem services
Apply emission and energy intensity standards	Emissions
Capacity targets	Energy conversion
Capacity targets	Emissions
Carbon tax	Energy demand
Carbon tax	Energy supply
Carbon tax	Climate policy
Carbon tax	Emissions
Carbon tax	Human development
Carbon tax	Energy conversion
Change in grazing intensity	Land-use allocation
Change in grazing intensity	Livestock systems
Change in grazing intensity	Terrestrial biodiversity
Change market shares of fuel types	Energy conversion
Change market shares of fuel types	Energy demand
Change market shares of fuel types	Emissions
Change market shares of fuel types	Energy supply
Change the use of electricity and hydrogen	Energy conversion
Change the use of electricity and hydrogen	Emissions
Change the use of electricity and hydrogen	Energy demand
Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Livestock systems
Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Land-use allocation
Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Nutrients
Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Aquatic biodiversity
Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Terrestrial biodiversity
Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Agricultural economy
Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Ecosystem services
Changes in crop and livestock production systems	Ecosystem services
Changes in crop and livestock production systems	Agricultural economy
Changes in crop and livestock production systems	Nutrients
Changes in crop and livestock production systems	Water
Changes in crop and livestock production systems	Aquatic biodiversity
Changes in crop and livestock production systems	Terrestrial biodiversity
Changes in feed ration	Livestock systems
Climate change adaptation	Climate policy
Closing the yield gap	Agricultural economy
Closing the yield gap	Crops and grass
Closing the yield gap	Terrestrial biodiversity
Closing the yield gap	Human development
Effort- or burden-sharing of emission reductions	Climate policy
Emission trading policy	Climate policy
Enlarge protected areas	Land-use allocation
Enlarge protected areas	Terrestrial biodiversity
Enlarge protected areas	Aquatic biodiversity
Enlarge protected areas	Ecosystem services
Enlarge protected areas	Agricultural economy
Excluding certain technologies	Emissions
Excluding certain technologies	Energy conversion
Expanding Reduced Impact Logging	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation
Expanding Reduced Impact Logging	Terrestrial biodiversity
Expanding Reduced Impact Logging	Forest management
Financing climate policy	Climate policy
Hydropower	Aquatic biodiversity
Implementation of biofuel targets	Terrestrial biodiversity
Implementation of biofuel targets	Energy supply
Implementation of biofuel targets	Emissions
Implementation of biofuel targets	Agricultural economy
Implementation of biofuel targets	Land-use allocation
Implementation of land use planning	Agricultural economy
Implementation of land use planning	Land-use allocation
Implementation of land use planning	Ecosystem services
Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production	Energy supply
Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production	Terrestrial biodiversity
Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production	Emissions
Improve behaviour	Human development
Improve quality of access	Human development
Improved irrigation efficiency	Water
Improved manure storage	Nutrients
Improved rainwater management	Water
Improvement of feed conversion	Livestock systems
Improvement of feed conversion	Nutrients
Improving energy efficiency	Energy demand
Improving energy efficiency	Emissions
Improving energy efficiency	Energy supply
Improving energy efficiency	Energy conversion
Increase access to food	Human development
Increase access to water	Human development
Increase forest plantations	Forest management
Increase forest plantations	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation
Increase forest plantations	Terrestrial biodiversity
Increase natural carbon storage	Ecosystem services
Increased livestock productivity	Land-use allocation
Increased livestock productivity	Livestock systems
Increased storage capacity	Water
Integrated manure management	Nutrients
Intensification or extensification of livestock systems	Agricultural economy
Intensification or extensification of livestock systems	Land-use allocation
Intensification or extensification of livestock systems	Nutrients
Intensification/extensification of livestock systems	Agricultural economy
Intensification/extensification of livestock systems	Land-use allocation
Intensification/extensification of livestock systems	Nutrients
More sustainable forest management	Forest management
More sustainable forest management	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation
Non-CO2 taxation policies	Agricultural economy
Production targets for energy technologies	Energy conversion
Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy	Energy demand
Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy	Human development
REDD policies	Agricultural economy
REDD policies	Emissions
REDD policies	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation
Reduction of waste/losses	Land-use allocation
Reduction of waste/losses	Terrestrial biodiversity
Reduction of waste/losses	Agricultural economy
Reduction proposals (pledges)	Climate policy
Restrictions on fuel trade	Energy conversion
Restrictions on fuel trade	Energy supply
Sanitation measures	Nutrients
Subsidies on modern energy	Energy demand
Subsidies on modern energy	Human development

page is Land and biodiversity policies/Agricultural demand

Policy Intervention	Description	Reference	Implementing component
Apply emission and energy intensity standards	Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour).		Energy conversion Energy demand
Avoiding deforestation	Here comes description
Capacity targets	It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen.		Energy conversion
Carbon tax	A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive.		Climate policy Energy conversion Energy demand
Change in grazing intensity	Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations.		Land-use allocation
Change market shares of fuel types	Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen and reflects the impact of fuel targets.	Van Ruijven et al., 2007	Energy demand
Change the use of electricity and hydrogen	It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level.		Energy conversion
Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Interventions that target consumption changes or changes in dietary preferences	Stehfest et al., 2013	Agricultural economy
Changes in crop and livestock production systems	General changes in crop and livestock production systems, e.g. more efficient production methods to create higher production per unit of input, or other systems like organic farming		Agricultural economy
Changes in feed ration	Change in the share of grass in the feed rations of cattle, sheep and goats, usually a decrease, meaning grass will be substituted by feed crops and the livestock system will be more intensive.		Livestock systems
Enlarge protected areas	Increase in areas with protected status, as well the size of the areas as the numer of parks.	PBL, 2010	Land-use allocation
Excluding certain technologies	Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons.	Kruyt et al., 2009	Energy conversion
Expanding Reduced Impact Logging	Increasing the share of produced wood yielded with Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices instead of conventional logging practices.	PBL, 2010	Forest management
Implementation of biofuel targets	Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy.	Banse et al., 2008	Agricultural economy
Implementation of land use planning	Application of zoning laws or cadastres, assigning areas to certain land uses.		Land-use allocation
Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production	Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas.		Energy supply Land cover and land use
Improved irrigation efficiency	Improved irrigation efficiency assumes an increase in the irrigation project efficiency and irrigation conveyance efficiency.	Biemans et al., 2013	Water
Improved manure storage	Improved manure storage systems (ST), considering 20% lower NH3 emissions from animal housing and storage systems.		Nutrients
Improved rainwater management	Improved rainwater management assumes a decrease in the evaporative losses from rainfed agriculture and the creation of small scale reservoirs to harvest rainwater during the wet period and use it during a dryer period. Both measures lead to more efficient use of water and increased yields on rainfed fields.	Rost et al., 2009	Water
Improvement of feed conversion	Improvement of feed conversion ratio of small ruminants, such as sheep and goats. This means other breeds will be used that need less grass to produce the same amount of meat.		Livestock systems
Improving energy efficiency	Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels.		Energy demand
Increase access to water	Increase access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation by lowering prices and investing in infrastructure		Human development
Increase forest plantations	Increase the use of wood from highly productive wood plantations instead of wood from (semi-) natural forests.	PBL, 2010	Forest management
Increased livestock productivity	A change in production characteristics, such as milk production per animal, carcass weight and off-take rates, which will also have an impact on the feed conversion ratio; in general, this will be lower in more productive animals		Livestock systems
Integrated manure management	Better integration of manure in crop production systems. This consists of recycling of manure that under the baseline scenario ends up outside the agricultural system (e.g. manure used as fuel), in crop systems to substitute fertiliser. In addition, there is improved integration of animal manure in crop systems, particularly in industrialised countries.		Nutrients
Intensification or extensification of livestock systems	A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants.		Livestock systems
Intensification/extensification of livestock systems	A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants.		Livestock systems
More sustainable forest management	Sustainable forest management aims for maintaining long-term harvest potential and good ecological status of forests (e.g. the nutrient balance and biodiversity). This can be implemented by (i) enlarging the return period when a forest can be harvested again; (ii) only using certain fractions of the harvested biomass and leave the remaining part in the forests.		Forest management
Production targets for energy technologies	Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve.		Energy supply
Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy	Increases the efficiency of bio-energy use.		Energy demand
REDD policies	The objective of REDD policies it to reduce land-use related emissions by protecting existing forests in the world; The implementation of REDD includes also costs of policies.	Overmars et al., 2012	Agricultural economy
Reduction of waste/losses	Reduction of losses in the agro-food chain and waste after consumption.	PBL, 2010 PBL, 2012	Agricultural economy
Restrictions on fuel trade	As part of energy security policies, fuel trade between different regions can be blocked.		Energy supply
Subsidies on modern energy	Reduces the costs of modern energy to reduce traditional energy use (can be targeted to low income groups).		Energy demand

page is Land and biodiversity policies/Agricultural production system

Policy Intervention	Description	Reference	Implementing component
Apply emission and energy intensity standards	Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour).		Energy conversion Energy demand
Avoiding deforestation	Here comes description
Capacity targets	It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen.		Energy conversion
Carbon tax	A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive.		Climate policy Energy conversion Energy demand
Change in grazing intensity	Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations.		Land-use allocation
Change market shares of fuel types	Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen and reflects the impact of fuel targets.	Van Ruijven et al., 2007	Energy demand
Change the use of electricity and hydrogen	It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level.		Energy conversion
Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Interventions that target consumption changes or changes in dietary preferences	Stehfest et al., 2013	Agricultural economy
Changes in crop and livestock production systems	General changes in crop and livestock production systems, e.g. more efficient production methods to create higher production per unit of input, or other systems like organic farming		Agricultural economy
Changes in feed ration	Change in the share of grass in the feed rations of cattle, sheep and goats, usually a decrease, meaning grass will be substituted by feed crops and the livestock system will be more intensive.		Livestock systems
Enlarge protected areas	Increase in areas with protected status, as well the size of the areas as the numer of parks.	PBL, 2010	Land-use allocation
Excluding certain technologies	Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons.	Kruyt et al., 2009	Energy conversion
Expanding Reduced Impact Logging	Increasing the share of produced wood yielded with Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices instead of conventional logging practices.	PBL, 2010	Forest management
Implementation of biofuel targets	Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy.	Banse et al., 2008	Agricultural economy
Implementation of land use planning	Application of zoning laws or cadastres, assigning areas to certain land uses.		Land-use allocation
Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production	Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas.		Energy supply Land cover and land use
Improved irrigation efficiency	Improved irrigation efficiency assumes an increase in the irrigation project efficiency and irrigation conveyance efficiency.	Biemans et al., 2013	Water
Improved manure storage	Improved manure storage systems (ST), considering 20% lower NH3 emissions from animal housing and storage systems.		Nutrients
Improved rainwater management	Improved rainwater management assumes a decrease in the evaporative losses from rainfed agriculture and the creation of small scale reservoirs to harvest rainwater during the wet period and use it during a dryer period. Both measures lead to more efficient use of water and increased yields on rainfed fields.	Rost et al., 2009	Water
Improvement of feed conversion	Improvement of feed conversion ratio of small ruminants, such as sheep and goats. This means other breeds will be used that need less grass to produce the same amount of meat.		Livestock systems
Improving energy efficiency	Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels.		Energy demand
Increase access to water	Increase access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation by lowering prices and investing in infrastructure		Human development
Increase forest plantations	Increase the use of wood from highly productive wood plantations instead of wood from (semi-) natural forests.	PBL, 2010	Forest management
Increased livestock productivity	A change in production characteristics, such as milk production per animal, carcass weight and off-take rates, which will also have an impact on the feed conversion ratio; in general, this will be lower in more productive animals		Livestock systems
Integrated manure management	Better integration of manure in crop production systems. This consists of recycling of manure that under the baseline scenario ends up outside the agricultural system (e.g. manure used as fuel), in crop systems to substitute fertiliser. In addition, there is improved integration of animal manure in crop systems, particularly in industrialised countries.		Nutrients
Intensification or extensification of livestock systems	A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants.		Livestock systems
Intensification/extensification of livestock systems	A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants.		Livestock systems
More sustainable forest management	Sustainable forest management aims for maintaining long-term harvest potential and good ecological status of forests (e.g. the nutrient balance and biodiversity). This can be implemented by (i) enlarging the return period when a forest can be harvested again; (ii) only using certain fractions of the harvested biomass and leave the remaining part in the forests.		Forest management
Production targets for energy technologies	Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve.		Energy supply
Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy	Increases the efficiency of bio-energy use.		Energy demand
REDD policies	The objective of REDD policies it to reduce land-use related emissions by protecting existing forests in the world; The implementation of REDD includes also costs of policies.	Overmars et al., 2012	Agricultural economy
Reduction of waste/losses	Reduction of losses in the agro-food chain and waste after consumption.	PBL, 2010 PBL, 2012	Agricultural economy
Restrictions on fuel trade	As part of energy security policies, fuel trade between different regions can be blocked.		Energy supply
Subsidies on modern energy	Reduces the costs of modern energy to reduce traditional energy use (can be targeted to low income groups).		Energy demand

page is Land and biodiversity policies/Forestry sector

Policy Intervention	Description	Reference	Implementing component
Apply emission and energy intensity standards	Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour).		Energy conversion Energy demand
Avoiding deforestation	Here comes description
Capacity targets	It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen.		Energy conversion
Carbon tax	A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive.		Climate policy Energy conversion Energy demand
Change in grazing intensity	Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations.		Land-use allocation
Change market shares of fuel types	Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen and reflects the impact of fuel targets.	Van Ruijven et al., 2007	Energy demand
Change the use of electricity and hydrogen	It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level.		Energy conversion
Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Interventions that target consumption changes or changes in dietary preferences	Stehfest et al., 2013	Agricultural economy
Changes in crop and livestock production systems	General changes in crop and livestock production systems, e.g. more efficient production methods to create higher production per unit of input, or other systems like organic farming		Agricultural economy
Changes in feed ration	Change in the share of grass in the feed rations of cattle, sheep and goats, usually a decrease, meaning grass will be substituted by feed crops and the livestock system will be more intensive.		Livestock systems
Enlarge protected areas	Increase in areas with protected status, as well the size of the areas as the numer of parks.	PBL, 2010	Land-use allocation
Excluding certain technologies	Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons.	Kruyt et al., 2009	Energy conversion
Expanding Reduced Impact Logging	Increasing the share of produced wood yielded with Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices instead of conventional logging practices.	PBL, 2010	Forest management
Implementation of biofuel targets	Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy.	Banse et al., 2008	Agricultural economy
Implementation of land use planning	Application of zoning laws or cadastres, assigning areas to certain land uses.		Land-use allocation
Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production	Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas.		Energy supply Land cover and land use
Improved irrigation efficiency	Improved irrigation efficiency assumes an increase in the irrigation project efficiency and irrigation conveyance efficiency.	Biemans et al., 2013	Water
Improved manure storage	Improved manure storage systems (ST), considering 20% lower NH3 emissions from animal housing and storage systems.		Nutrients
Improved rainwater management	Improved rainwater management assumes a decrease in the evaporative losses from rainfed agriculture and the creation of small scale reservoirs to harvest rainwater during the wet period and use it during a dryer period. Both measures lead to more efficient use of water and increased yields on rainfed fields.	Rost et al., 2009	Water
Improvement of feed conversion	Improvement of feed conversion ratio of small ruminants, such as sheep and goats. This means other breeds will be used that need less grass to produce the same amount of meat.		Livestock systems
Improving energy efficiency	Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels.		Energy demand
Increase access to water	Increase access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation by lowering prices and investing in infrastructure		Human development
Increase forest plantations	Increase the use of wood from highly productive wood plantations instead of wood from (semi-) natural forests.	PBL, 2010	Forest management
Increased livestock productivity	A change in production characteristics, such as milk production per animal, carcass weight and off-take rates, which will also have an impact on the feed conversion ratio; in general, this will be lower in more productive animals		Livestock systems
Integrated manure management	Better integration of manure in crop production systems. This consists of recycling of manure that under the baseline scenario ends up outside the agricultural system (e.g. manure used as fuel), in crop systems to substitute fertiliser. In addition, there is improved integration of animal manure in crop systems, particularly in industrialised countries.		Nutrients
Intensification or extensification of livestock systems	A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants.		Livestock systems
Intensification/extensification of livestock systems	A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants.		Livestock systems
More sustainable forest management	Sustainable forest management aims for maintaining long-term harvest potential and good ecological status of forests (e.g. the nutrient balance and biodiversity). This can be implemented by (i) enlarging the return period when a forest can be harvested again; (ii) only using certain fractions of the harvested biomass and leave the remaining part in the forests.		Forest management
Production targets for energy technologies	Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve.		Energy supply
Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy	Increases the efficiency of bio-energy use.		Energy demand
REDD policies	The objective of REDD policies it to reduce land-use related emissions by protecting existing forests in the world; The implementation of REDD includes also costs of policies.	Overmars et al., 2012	Agricultural economy
Reduction of waste/losses	Reduction of losses in the agro-food chain and waste after consumption.	PBL, 2010 PBL, 2012	Agricultural economy
Restrictions on fuel trade	As part of energy security policies, fuel trade between different regions can be blocked.		Energy supply
Subsidies on modern energy	Reduces the costs of modern energy to reduce traditional energy use (can be targeted to low income groups).		Energy demand

page is Land and biodiversity policies/Land-use regulation

Policy Intervention	Description	Reference	Implementing component
Apply emission and energy intensity standards	Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour).		Energy conversion Energy demand
Avoiding deforestation	Here comes description
Capacity targets	It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen.		Energy conversion
Carbon tax	A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive.		Climate policy Energy conversion Energy demand
Change in grazing intensity	Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations.		Land-use allocation
Change market shares of fuel types	Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen and reflects the impact of fuel targets.	Van Ruijven et al., 2007	Energy demand
Change the use of electricity and hydrogen	It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level.		Energy conversion
Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Interventions that target consumption changes or changes in dietary preferences	Stehfest et al., 2013	Agricultural economy
Changes in crop and livestock production systems	General changes in crop and livestock production systems, e.g. more efficient production methods to create higher production per unit of input, or other systems like organic farming		Agricultural economy
Changes in feed ration	Change in the share of grass in the feed rations of cattle, sheep and goats, usually a decrease, meaning grass will be substituted by feed crops and the livestock system will be more intensive.		Livestock systems
Enlarge protected areas	Increase in areas with protected status, as well the size of the areas as the numer of parks.	PBL, 2010	Land-use allocation
Excluding certain technologies	Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons.	Kruyt et al., 2009	Energy conversion
Expanding Reduced Impact Logging	Increasing the share of produced wood yielded with Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices instead of conventional logging practices.	PBL, 2010	Forest management
Implementation of biofuel targets	Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy.	Banse et al., 2008	Agricultural economy
Implementation of land use planning	Application of zoning laws or cadastres, assigning areas to certain land uses.		Land-use allocation
Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production	Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas.		Energy supply Land cover and land use
Improved irrigation efficiency	Improved irrigation efficiency assumes an increase in the irrigation project efficiency and irrigation conveyance efficiency.	Biemans et al., 2013	Water
Improved manure storage	Improved manure storage systems (ST), considering 20% lower NH3 emissions from animal housing and storage systems.		Nutrients
Improved rainwater management	Improved rainwater management assumes a decrease in the evaporative losses from rainfed agriculture and the creation of small scale reservoirs to harvest rainwater during the wet period and use it during a dryer period. Both measures lead to more efficient use of water and increased yields on rainfed fields.	Rost et al., 2009	Water
Improvement of feed conversion	Improvement of feed conversion ratio of small ruminants, such as sheep and goats. This means other breeds will be used that need less grass to produce the same amount of meat.		Livestock systems
Improving energy efficiency	Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels.		Energy demand
Increase access to water	Increase access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation by lowering prices and investing in infrastructure		Human development
Increase forest plantations	Increase the use of wood from highly productive wood plantations instead of wood from (semi-) natural forests.	PBL, 2010	Forest management
Increased livestock productivity	A change in production characteristics, such as milk production per animal, carcass weight and off-take rates, which will also have an impact on the feed conversion ratio; in general, this will be lower in more productive animals		Livestock systems
Integrated manure management	Better integration of manure in crop production systems. This consists of recycling of manure that under the baseline scenario ends up outside the agricultural system (e.g. manure used as fuel), in crop systems to substitute fertiliser. In addition, there is improved integration of animal manure in crop systems, particularly in industrialised countries.		Nutrients
Intensification or extensification of livestock systems	A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants.		Livestock systems
Intensification/extensification of livestock systems	A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants.		Livestock systems
More sustainable forest management	Sustainable forest management aims for maintaining long-term harvest potential and good ecological status of forests (e.g. the nutrient balance and biodiversity). This can be implemented by (i) enlarging the return period when a forest can be harvested again; (ii) only using certain fractions of the harvested biomass and leave the remaining part in the forests.		Forest management
Production targets for energy technologies	Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve.		Energy supply
Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy	Increases the efficiency of bio-energy use.		Energy demand
REDD policies	The objective of REDD policies it to reduce land-use related emissions by protecting existing forests in the world; The implementation of REDD includes also costs of policies.	Overmars et al., 2012	Agricultural economy
Reduction of waste/losses	Reduction of losses in the agro-food chain and waste after consumption.	PBL, 2010 PBL, 2012	Agricultural economy
Restrictions on fuel trade	As part of energy security policies, fuel trade between different regions can be blocked.		Energy supply
Subsidies on modern energy	Reduces the costs of modern energy to reduce traditional energy use (can be targeted to low income groups).		Energy demand

page is Air pollution and energy policies/Policy issues

Policy Intervention	Description	Reference	Implementing component
Apply emission and energy intensity standards	Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour).		Energy conversion Energy demand
Avoiding deforestation	Here comes description
Capacity targets	It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen.		Energy conversion
Carbon tax	A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive.		Climate policy Energy conversion Energy demand
Change in grazing intensity	Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations.		Land-use allocation
Change market shares of fuel types	Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen and reflects the impact of fuel targets.	Van Ruijven et al., 2007	Energy demand
Change the use of electricity and hydrogen	It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level.		Energy conversion
Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Interventions that target consumption changes or changes in dietary preferences	Stehfest et al., 2013	Agricultural economy
Changes in crop and livestock production systems	General changes in crop and livestock production systems, e.g. more efficient production methods to create higher production per unit of input, or other systems like organic farming		Agricultural economy
Changes in feed ration	Change in the share of grass in the feed rations of cattle, sheep and goats, usually a decrease, meaning grass will be substituted by feed crops and the livestock system will be more intensive.		Livestock systems
Enlarge protected areas	Increase in areas with protected status, as well the size of the areas as the numer of parks.	PBL, 2010	Land-use allocation
Excluding certain technologies	Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons.	Kruyt et al., 2009	Energy conversion
Expanding Reduced Impact Logging	Increasing the share of produced wood yielded with Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices instead of conventional logging practices.	PBL, 2010	Forest management
Implementation of biofuel targets	Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy.	Banse et al., 2008	Agricultural economy
Implementation of land use planning	Application of zoning laws or cadastres, assigning areas to certain land uses.		Land-use allocation
Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production	Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas.		Energy supply Land cover and land use
Improved irrigation efficiency	Improved irrigation efficiency assumes an increase in the irrigation project efficiency and irrigation conveyance efficiency.	Biemans et al., 2013	Water
Improved manure storage	Improved manure storage systems (ST), considering 20% lower NH3 emissions from animal housing and storage systems.		Nutrients
Improved rainwater management	Improved rainwater management assumes a decrease in the evaporative losses from rainfed agriculture and the creation of small scale reservoirs to harvest rainwater during the wet period and use it during a dryer period. Both measures lead to more efficient use of water and increased yields on rainfed fields.	Rost et al., 2009	Water
Improvement of feed conversion	Improvement of feed conversion ratio of small ruminants, such as sheep and goats. This means other breeds will be used that need less grass to produce the same amount of meat.		Livestock systems
Improving energy efficiency	Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels.		Energy demand
Increase access to water	Increase access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation by lowering prices and investing in infrastructure		Human development
Increase forest plantations	Increase the use of wood from highly productive wood plantations instead of wood from (semi-) natural forests.	PBL, 2010	Forest management
Increased livestock productivity	A change in production characteristics, such as milk production per animal, carcass weight and off-take rates, which will also have an impact on the feed conversion ratio; in general, this will be lower in more productive animals		Livestock systems
Integrated manure management	Better integration of manure in crop production systems. This consists of recycling of manure that under the baseline scenario ends up outside the agricultural system (e.g. manure used as fuel), in crop systems to substitute fertiliser. In addition, there is improved integration of animal manure in crop systems, particularly in industrialised countries.		Nutrients
Intensification or extensification of livestock systems	A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants.		Livestock systems
Intensification/extensification of livestock systems	A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants.		Livestock systems
More sustainable forest management	Sustainable forest management aims for maintaining long-term harvest potential and good ecological status of forests (e.g. the nutrient balance and biodiversity). This can be implemented by (i) enlarging the return period when a forest can be harvested again; (ii) only using certain fractions of the harvested biomass and leave the remaining part in the forests.		Forest management
Production targets for energy technologies	Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve.		Energy supply
Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy	Increases the efficiency of bio-energy use.		Energy demand
REDD policies	The objective of REDD policies it to reduce land-use related emissions by protecting existing forests in the world; The implementation of REDD includes also costs of policies.	Overmars et al., 2012	Agricultural economy
Reduction of waste/losses	Reduction of losses in the agro-food chain and waste after consumption.	PBL, 2010 PBL, 2012	Agricultural economy
Restrictions on fuel trade	As part of energy security policies, fuel trade between different regions can be blocked.		Energy supply
Subsidies on modern energy	Reduces the costs of modern energy to reduce traditional energy use (can be targeted to low income groups).		Energy demand