Energy conversion/Description: Difference between revisions
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The costs of solar and wind power are the model determinedby learning and depletion dynamics. For renewable energy, costs relate to capital, O&M and system integration. The capital costs mostly relate to learning and depletion processes (learning is depicted in learning curves, see Box X; depletion is shown in cost–supply curves). | The costs of solar and wind power are the model determinedby learning and depletion dynamics. For renewable energy, costs relate to capital, O&M and system integration. The capital costs mostly relate to learning and depletion processes (learning is depicted in learning curves, see Box X; depletion is shown in cost–supply curves). | ||
The additional system integration costs relate to 1) discarded electricity in cases where production exceeds demand and the overcapacity cannot be used within the system, 2) back-up capacity, and 3) additional, required spinning reserve. The two last items are needed to avoid loss of power if the supply of wind or solar power suddenly drops, enabling a power scale up in a relatively short time, in power stations operating below maximum capacity (Hoogwijk, 2004). | The additional system integration costs relate to 1) discarded electricity in cases where production exceeds demand and the overcapacity cannot be used within the system, 2) back-up capacity, and 3) additional, required spinning reserve. The two last items are needed to avoid loss of power if the supply of wind or solar power suddenly drops, enabling a power scale up in a relatively short time, in power stations operating below maximum capacity ( [[Hoogwijk, 2004]]). | ||
*To determine discarded electricity, the model makes a comparison between 10 different points on the load-demand curve, at the overlap between demand and supply. For both wind and solar power, a typical load–supply curve is assumed (see Hoogwijk, 2004). If supply exceeds demand, the overcapacity in electricity is assumed to be discarded, resulting in higher production costs. | *To determine discarded electricity, the model makes a comparison between 10 different points on the load-demand curve, at the overlap between demand and supply. For both wind and solar power, a typical load–supply curve is assumed (see Hoogwijk, 2004). If supply exceeds demand, the overcapacity in electricity is assumed to be discarded, resulting in higher production costs. | ||
*Because wind and solar power supply is intermittent (i.e. it varies and therefore is not reliable), the model assumes that so-called back-up capacity needs to be installed. For the first 5% penetration of the intermittent capacity, it is assumed that no-back is required. However, for higher levels of penetration, the effective capacity (i.e. degree to which operators can rely on plants producing at a particular moment in time) of intermittent resources is assumed to decrease (referred to as the capacity factor). This decrease leads to the need of back-up power(by low-cost options, such as gas turbines), the costs of which are allocated to the intermittent source. | *Because wind and solar power supply is intermittent (i.e. it varies and therefore is not reliable), the model assumes that so-called back-up capacity needs to be installed. For the first 5% penetration of the intermittent capacity, it is assumed that no-back is required. However, for higher levels of penetration, the effective capacity (i.e. degree to which operators can rely on plants producing at a particular moment in time) of intermittent resources is assumed to decrease (referred to as the capacity factor). This decrease leads to the need of back-up power(by low-cost options, such as gas turbines), the costs of which are allocated to the intermittent source. | ||
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*Intermittence does not play an important role, as hydrogen can be stored to some degree. Therefore, there are no equations simulating system integration. | *Intermittence does not play an important role, as hydrogen can be stored to some degree. Therefore, there are no equations simulating system integration. | ||
*Hydrogen can be traded. Therefore, a trade model is added, similar to the trade models for fossil fuels, as is described in the chapter on energy resources. | *Hydrogen can be traded. Therefore, a trade model is added, similar to the trade models for fossil fuels, as is described in the chapter on energy resources. | ||
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