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| PI | Component |
|---|---|
| Afforestation policies | Agricultural economy |
| Afforestation policies | Carbon cycle and natural vegetation |
| Agricultural trade policies | Land-use allocation |
| Agricultural trade policies | Terrestrial biodiversity |
| Agricultural trade policies | Ecosystem services |
| Agricultural trade policies | Agricultural economy |
| Apply emission and energy intensity standards | Emissions |
| Capacity targets | Energy conversion |
| Capacity targets | Emissions |
| Carbon tax | Energy supply |
| Carbon tax | Climate policy |
| Carbon tax | Emissions |
| Carbon tax | Human development |
| Carbon tax | Energy conversion |
| Carbon tax | Energy demand |
| Change in grazing intensity | Land-use allocation |
| Change in grazing intensity | Livestock systems |
| Change in grazing intensity | Terrestrial biodiversity |
| Change market shares of fuel types | Energy demand |
| Change market shares of fuel types | Emissions |
| Change market shares of fuel types | Energy supply |
| Change market shares of fuel types | Energy conversion |
| Change the use of electricity and hydrogen | Energy conversion |
| Change the use of electricity and hydrogen | Emissions |
| Change the use of electricity and hydrogen | Energy demand |
| Changes in consumption and diet preferences | Nutrients |
| Changes in consumption and diet preferences | Aquatic biodiversity |
| Changes in consumption and diet preferences | Terrestrial biodiversity |
| Changes in consumption and diet preferences | Agricultural economy |
| Changes in consumption and diet preferences | Ecosystem services |
| Changes in consumption and diet preferences | Livestock systems |
| Changes in consumption and diet preferences | Land-use allocation |
| Changes in crop and livestock production systems | Nutrients |
| Changes in crop and livestock production systems | Water |
| Changes in crop and livestock production systems | Aquatic biodiversity |
| Changes in crop and livestock production systems | Terrestrial biodiversity |
| Changes in crop and livestock production systems | Ecosystem services |
| Changes in crop and livestock production systems | Agricultural economy |
| Changes in feed ration | Livestock systems |
| Climate change adaptation | Climate policy |
| Closing the yield gap | Crops and grass |
| Closing the yield gap | Terrestrial biodiversity |
| Closing the yield gap | Human development |
| Closing the yield gap | Agricultural economy |
| Effort- or burden-sharing of emission reductions | Climate policy |
| Emission trading policy | Climate policy |
| Enlarge protected areas | Terrestrial biodiversity |
| Enlarge protected areas | Aquatic biodiversity |
| Enlarge protected areas | Ecosystem services |
| Enlarge protected areas | Agricultural economy |
| Enlarge protected areas | Land-use allocation |
| Excluding certain technologies | Energy conversion |
| Excluding certain technologies | Emissions |
| Expanding Reduced Impact Logging | Forest management |
| Expanding Reduced Impact Logging | Carbon cycle and natural vegetation |
| Expanding Reduced Impact Logging | Terrestrial biodiversity |
| Financing climate policy | Climate policy |
| Hydropower | Aquatic biodiversity |
| Implementation of biofuel targets | Emissions |
| Implementation of biofuel targets | Agricultural economy |
| Implementation of biofuel targets | Land-use allocation |
| Implementation of biofuel targets | Terrestrial biodiversity |
| Implementation of biofuel targets | Energy supply |
| Implementation of land use planning | Agricultural economy |
| Implementation of land use planning | Land-use allocation |
| Implementation of land use planning | Ecosystem services |
| Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production | Terrestrial biodiversity |
| Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production | Emissions |
| Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production | Energy supply |
| Improve behaviour | Human development |
| Improve quality of access | Human development |
| Improved irrigation efficiency | Water |
| Improved manure storage | Nutrients |
| Improved rainwater management | Water |
| Improvement of feed conversion | Livestock systems |
| Improvement of feed conversion | Nutrients |
| Improving energy efficiency | Energy demand |
| Improving energy efficiency | Emissions |
| Improving energy efficiency | Energy supply |
| Improving energy efficiency | Energy conversion |
| Increase access to food | Human development |
| Increase access to water | Human development |
| Increase forest plantations | Forest management |
| Increase forest plantations | Carbon cycle and natural vegetation |
| Increase forest plantations | Terrestrial biodiversity |
| Increase natural carbon storage | Ecosystem services |
| Increased livestock productivity | Livestock systems |
| Increased livestock productivity | Land-use allocation |
| Increased storage capacity | Water |
| Integrated manure management | Nutrients |
| Intensification or extensification of livestock systems | Agricultural economy |
| Intensification or extensification of livestock systems | Land-use allocation |
| Intensification or extensification of livestock systems | Nutrients |
| Intensification/extensification of livestock systems | Agricultural economy |
| Intensification/extensification of livestock systems | Land-use allocation |
| Intensification/extensification of livestock systems | Nutrients |
| More sustainable forest management | Forest management |
| More sustainable forest management | Carbon cycle and natural vegetation |
| Non-CO2 taxation policies | Agricultural economy |
| Production targets for energy technologies | Energy conversion |
| Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy | Energy demand |
| Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy | Human development |
| REDD policies | Agricultural economy |
| REDD policies | Emissions |
| REDD policies | Carbon cycle and natural vegetation |
| Reduction of waste/losses | Terrestrial biodiversity |
| Reduction of waste/losses | Agricultural economy |
| Reduction of waste/losses | Land-use allocation |
| Reduction proposals (pledges) | Climate policy |
| Restrictions on fuel trade | Energy supply |
| Restrictions on fuel trade | Energy conversion |
| Sanitation measures | Nutrients |
| Subsidies on modern energy | Human development |
| Subsidies on modern energy | Energy demand |
page is Land and biodiversity policies/Agricultural demand
| Policy Intervention | Description | Reference | Implementing component |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apply emission and energy intensity standards | Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour). | Energy conversion Energy demand | |
| Avoiding deforestation | Here comes description | ||
| Capacity targets | It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen. | Energy conversion | |
| Carbon tax | A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive. | Climate policy Energy conversion Energy demand | |
| Change in grazing intensity | Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations. | Land-use allocation | |
| Change market shares of fuel types | Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen and reflects the impact of fuel targets. | Van Ruijven et al., 2007 | Energy demand |
| Change the use of electricity and hydrogen | It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level. | Energy conversion | |
| Changes in consumption and diet preferences | Interventions that target consumption changes or changes in dietary preferences | Stehfest et al., 2013 | Agricultural economy |
| Changes in crop and livestock production systems | General changes in crop and livestock production systems, e.g. more efficient production methods to create higher production per unit of input, or other systems like organic farming | Agricultural economy | |
| Changes in feed ration | Change in the share of grass in the feed rations of cattle, sheep and goats, usually a decrease, meaning grass will be substituted by feed crops and the livestock system will be more intensive. | Livestock systems | |
| Enlarge protected areas | Increase in areas with protected status, as well the size of the areas as the numer of parks. | PBL, 2010 | Land-use allocation |
| Excluding certain technologies | Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons. | Kruyt et al., 2009 | Energy conversion |
| Expanding Reduced Impact Logging | Increasing the share of produced wood yielded with Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices instead of conventional logging practices. | PBL, 2010 | Forest management |
| Implementation of biofuel targets | Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy. | Banse et al., 2008 | Agricultural economy |
| Implementation of land use planning | Application of zoning laws or cadastres, assigning areas to certain land uses. | Land-use allocation | |
| Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production | Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas. | Energy supply Land cover and land use | |
| Improved irrigation efficiency | Improved irrigation efficiency assumes an increase in the irrigation project efficiency and irrigation conveyance efficiency. | Biemans et al., 2013 | Water |
| Improved manure storage | Improved manure storage systems (ST), considering 20% lower NH3 emissions from animal housing and storage systems. | Nutrients | |
| Improved rainwater management | Improved rainwater management assumes a decrease in the evaporative losses from rainfed agriculture and the creation of small scale reservoirs to harvest rainwater during the wet period and use it during a dryer period. Both measures lead to more efficient use of water and increased yields on rainfed fields. | Rost et al., 2009 | Water |
| Improvement of feed conversion | Improvement of feed conversion ratio of small ruminants, such as sheep and goats. This means other breeds will be used that need less grass to produce the same amount of meat. | Livestock systems | |
| Improving energy efficiency | Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels. | Energy demand | |
| Increase access to water | Increase access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation by lowering prices and investing in infrastructure | Human development | |
| Increase forest plantations | Increase the use of wood from highly productive wood plantations instead of wood from (semi-) natural forests. | PBL, 2010 | Forest management |
| Increased livestock productivity | A change in production characteristics, such as milk production per animal, carcass weight and off-take rates, which will also have an impact on the feed conversion ratio; in general, this will be lower in more productive animals | Livestock systems | |
| Integrated manure management | Better integration of manure in crop production systems. This consists of recycling of manure that under the baseline scenario ends up outside the agricultural system (e.g. manure used as fuel), in crop systems to substitute fertiliser. In addition, there is improved integration of animal manure in crop systems, particularly in industrialised countries. | Nutrients | |
| Intensification or extensification of livestock systems | A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants. | Livestock systems | |
| Intensification/extensification of livestock systems | A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants. | Livestock systems | |
| More sustainable forest management | Sustainable forest management aims for maintaining long-term harvest potential and good ecological status of forests (e.g. the nutrient balance and biodiversity). This can be implemented by (i) enlarging the return period when a forest can be harvested again; (ii) only using certain fractions of the harvested biomass and leave the remaining part in the forests. | Forest management | |
| Production targets for energy technologies | Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve. | Energy supply | |
| Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy | Increases the efficiency of bio-energy use. | Energy demand | |
| REDD policies | The objective of REDD policies it to reduce land-use related emissions by protecting existing forests in the world; The implementation of REDD includes also costs of policies. | Overmars et al., 2012 | Agricultural economy |
| Reduction of waste/losses | Reduction of losses in the agro-food chain and waste after consumption. | PBL, 2010 PBL, 2012 | Agricultural economy |
| Restrictions on fuel trade | As part of energy security policies, fuel trade between different regions can be blocked. | Energy supply | |
| Subsidies on modern energy | Reduces the costs of modern energy to reduce traditional energy use (can be targeted to low income groups). | Energy demand |
page is Land and biodiversity policies/Agricultural production system
| Policy Intervention | Description | Reference | Implementing component |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apply emission and energy intensity standards | Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour). | Energy conversion Energy demand | |
| Avoiding deforestation | Here comes description | ||
| Capacity targets | It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen. | Energy conversion | |
| Carbon tax | A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive. | Climate policy Energy conversion Energy demand | |
| Change in grazing intensity | Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations. | Land-use allocation | |
| Change market shares of fuel types | Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen and reflects the impact of fuel targets. | Van Ruijven et al., 2007 | Energy demand |
| Change the use of electricity and hydrogen | It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level. | Energy conversion | |
| Changes in consumption and diet preferences | Interventions that target consumption changes or changes in dietary preferences | Stehfest et al., 2013 | Agricultural economy |
| Changes in crop and livestock production systems | General changes in crop and livestock production systems, e.g. more efficient production methods to create higher production per unit of input, or other systems like organic farming | Agricultural economy | |
| Changes in feed ration | Change in the share of grass in the feed rations of cattle, sheep and goats, usually a decrease, meaning grass will be substituted by feed crops and the livestock system will be more intensive. | Livestock systems | |
| Enlarge protected areas | Increase in areas with protected status, as well the size of the areas as the numer of parks. | PBL, 2010 | Land-use allocation |
| Excluding certain technologies | Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons. | Kruyt et al., 2009 | Energy conversion |
| Expanding Reduced Impact Logging | Increasing the share of produced wood yielded with Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices instead of conventional logging practices. | PBL, 2010 | Forest management |
| Implementation of biofuel targets | Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy. | Banse et al., 2008 | Agricultural economy |
| Implementation of land use planning | Application of zoning laws or cadastres, assigning areas to certain land uses. | Land-use allocation | |
| Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production | Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas. | Energy supply Land cover and land use | |
| Improved irrigation efficiency | Improved irrigation efficiency assumes an increase in the irrigation project efficiency and irrigation conveyance efficiency. | Biemans et al., 2013 | Water |
| Improved manure storage | Improved manure storage systems (ST), considering 20% lower NH3 emissions from animal housing and storage systems. | Nutrients | |
| Improved rainwater management | Improved rainwater management assumes a decrease in the evaporative losses from rainfed agriculture and the creation of small scale reservoirs to harvest rainwater during the wet period and use it during a dryer period. Both measures lead to more efficient use of water and increased yields on rainfed fields. | Rost et al., 2009 | Water |
| Improvement of feed conversion | Improvement of feed conversion ratio of small ruminants, such as sheep and goats. This means other breeds will be used that need less grass to produce the same amount of meat. | Livestock systems | |
| Improving energy efficiency | Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels. | Energy demand | |
| Increase access to water | Increase access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation by lowering prices and investing in infrastructure | Human development | |
| Increase forest plantations | Increase the use of wood from highly productive wood plantations instead of wood from (semi-) natural forests. | PBL, 2010 | Forest management |
| Increased livestock productivity | A change in production characteristics, such as milk production per animal, carcass weight and off-take rates, which will also have an impact on the feed conversion ratio; in general, this will be lower in more productive animals | Livestock systems | |
| Integrated manure management | Better integration of manure in crop production systems. This consists of recycling of manure that under the baseline scenario ends up outside the agricultural system (e.g. manure used as fuel), in crop systems to substitute fertiliser. In addition, there is improved integration of animal manure in crop systems, particularly in industrialised countries. | Nutrients | |
| Intensification or extensification of livestock systems | A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants. | Livestock systems | |
| Intensification/extensification of livestock systems | A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants. | Livestock systems | |
| More sustainable forest management | Sustainable forest management aims for maintaining long-term harvest potential and good ecological status of forests (e.g. the nutrient balance and biodiversity). This can be implemented by (i) enlarging the return period when a forest can be harvested again; (ii) only using certain fractions of the harvested biomass and leave the remaining part in the forests. | Forest management | |
| Production targets for energy technologies | Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve. | Energy supply | |
| Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy | Increases the efficiency of bio-energy use. | Energy demand | |
| REDD policies | The objective of REDD policies it to reduce land-use related emissions by protecting existing forests in the world; The implementation of REDD includes also costs of policies. | Overmars et al., 2012 | Agricultural economy |
| Reduction of waste/losses | Reduction of losses in the agro-food chain and waste after consumption. | PBL, 2010 PBL, 2012 | Agricultural economy |
| Restrictions on fuel trade | As part of energy security policies, fuel trade between different regions can be blocked. | Energy supply | |
| Subsidies on modern energy | Reduces the costs of modern energy to reduce traditional energy use (can be targeted to low income groups). | Energy demand |
page is Land and biodiversity policies/Forestry sector
| Policy Intervention | Description | Reference | Implementing component |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apply emission and energy intensity standards | Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour). | Energy conversion Energy demand | |
| Avoiding deforestation | Here comes description | ||
| Capacity targets | It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen. | Energy conversion | |
| Carbon tax | A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive. | Climate policy Energy conversion Energy demand | |
| Change in grazing intensity | Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations. | Land-use allocation | |
| Change market shares of fuel types | Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen and reflects the impact of fuel targets. | Van Ruijven et al., 2007 | Energy demand |
| Change the use of electricity and hydrogen | It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level. | Energy conversion | |
| Changes in consumption and diet preferences | Interventions that target consumption changes or changes in dietary preferences | Stehfest et al., 2013 | Agricultural economy |
| Changes in crop and livestock production systems | General changes in crop and livestock production systems, e.g. more efficient production methods to create higher production per unit of input, or other systems like organic farming | Agricultural economy | |
| Changes in feed ration | Change in the share of grass in the feed rations of cattle, sheep and goats, usually a decrease, meaning grass will be substituted by feed crops and the livestock system will be more intensive. | Livestock systems | |
| Enlarge protected areas | Increase in areas with protected status, as well the size of the areas as the numer of parks. | PBL, 2010 | Land-use allocation |
| Excluding certain technologies | Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons. | Kruyt et al., 2009 | Energy conversion |
| Expanding Reduced Impact Logging | Increasing the share of produced wood yielded with Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices instead of conventional logging practices. | PBL, 2010 | Forest management |
| Implementation of biofuel targets | Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy. | Banse et al., 2008 | Agricultural economy |
| Implementation of land use planning | Application of zoning laws or cadastres, assigning areas to certain land uses. | Land-use allocation | |
| Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production | Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas. | Energy supply Land cover and land use | |
| Improved irrigation efficiency | Improved irrigation efficiency assumes an increase in the irrigation project efficiency and irrigation conveyance efficiency. | Biemans et al., 2013 | Water |
| Improved manure storage | Improved manure storage systems (ST), considering 20% lower NH3 emissions from animal housing and storage systems. | Nutrients | |
| Improved rainwater management | Improved rainwater management assumes a decrease in the evaporative losses from rainfed agriculture and the creation of small scale reservoirs to harvest rainwater during the wet period and use it during a dryer period. Both measures lead to more efficient use of water and increased yields on rainfed fields. | Rost et al., 2009 | Water |
| Improvement of feed conversion | Improvement of feed conversion ratio of small ruminants, such as sheep and goats. This means other breeds will be used that need less grass to produce the same amount of meat. | Livestock systems | |
| Improving energy efficiency | Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels. | Energy demand | |
| Increase access to water | Increase access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation by lowering prices and investing in infrastructure | Human development | |
| Increase forest plantations | Increase the use of wood from highly productive wood plantations instead of wood from (semi-) natural forests. | PBL, 2010 | Forest management |
| Increased livestock productivity | A change in production characteristics, such as milk production per animal, carcass weight and off-take rates, which will also have an impact on the feed conversion ratio; in general, this will be lower in more productive animals | Livestock systems | |
| Integrated manure management | Better integration of manure in crop production systems. This consists of recycling of manure that under the baseline scenario ends up outside the agricultural system (e.g. manure used as fuel), in crop systems to substitute fertiliser. In addition, there is improved integration of animal manure in crop systems, particularly in industrialised countries. | Nutrients | |
| Intensification or extensification of livestock systems | A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants. | Livestock systems | |
| Intensification/extensification of livestock systems | A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants. | Livestock systems | |
| More sustainable forest management | Sustainable forest management aims for maintaining long-term harvest potential and good ecological status of forests (e.g. the nutrient balance and biodiversity). This can be implemented by (i) enlarging the return period when a forest can be harvested again; (ii) only using certain fractions of the harvested biomass and leave the remaining part in the forests. | Forest management | |
| Production targets for energy technologies | Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve. | Energy supply | |
| Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy | Increases the efficiency of bio-energy use. | Energy demand | |
| REDD policies | The objective of REDD policies it to reduce land-use related emissions by protecting existing forests in the world; The implementation of REDD includes also costs of policies. | Overmars et al., 2012 | Agricultural economy |
| Reduction of waste/losses | Reduction of losses in the agro-food chain and waste after consumption. | PBL, 2010 PBL, 2012 | Agricultural economy |
| Restrictions on fuel trade | As part of energy security policies, fuel trade between different regions can be blocked. | Energy supply | |
| Subsidies on modern energy | Reduces the costs of modern energy to reduce traditional energy use (can be targeted to low income groups). | Energy demand |
page is Land and biodiversity policies/Land-use regulation
| Policy Intervention | Description | Reference | Implementing component |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apply emission and energy intensity standards | Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour). | Energy conversion Energy demand | |
| Avoiding deforestation | Here comes description | ||
| Capacity targets | It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen. | Energy conversion | |
| Carbon tax | A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive. | Climate policy Energy conversion Energy demand | |
| Change in grazing intensity | Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations. | Land-use allocation | |
| Change market shares of fuel types | Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen and reflects the impact of fuel targets. | Van Ruijven et al., 2007 | Energy demand |
| Change the use of electricity and hydrogen | It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level. | Energy conversion | |
| Changes in consumption and diet preferences | Interventions that target consumption changes or changes in dietary preferences | Stehfest et al., 2013 | Agricultural economy |
| Changes in crop and livestock production systems | General changes in crop and livestock production systems, e.g. more efficient production methods to create higher production per unit of input, or other systems like organic farming | Agricultural economy | |
| Changes in feed ration | Change in the share of grass in the feed rations of cattle, sheep and goats, usually a decrease, meaning grass will be substituted by feed crops and the livestock system will be more intensive. | Livestock systems | |
| Enlarge protected areas | Increase in areas with protected status, as well the size of the areas as the numer of parks. | PBL, 2010 | Land-use allocation |
| Excluding certain technologies | Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons. | Kruyt et al., 2009 | Energy conversion |
| Expanding Reduced Impact Logging | Increasing the share of produced wood yielded with Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices instead of conventional logging practices. | PBL, 2010 | Forest management |
| Implementation of biofuel targets | Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy. | Banse et al., 2008 | Agricultural economy |
| Implementation of land use planning | Application of zoning laws or cadastres, assigning areas to certain land uses. | Land-use allocation | |
| Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production | Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas. | Energy supply Land cover and land use | |
| Improved irrigation efficiency | Improved irrigation efficiency assumes an increase in the irrigation project efficiency and irrigation conveyance efficiency. | Biemans et al., 2013 | Water |
| Improved manure storage | Improved manure storage systems (ST), considering 20% lower NH3 emissions from animal housing and storage systems. | Nutrients | |
| Improved rainwater management | Improved rainwater management assumes a decrease in the evaporative losses from rainfed agriculture and the creation of small scale reservoirs to harvest rainwater during the wet period and use it during a dryer period. Both measures lead to more efficient use of water and increased yields on rainfed fields. | Rost et al., 2009 | Water |
| Improvement of feed conversion | Improvement of feed conversion ratio of small ruminants, such as sheep and goats. This means other breeds will be used that need less grass to produce the same amount of meat. | Livestock systems | |
| Improving energy efficiency | Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels. | Energy demand | |
| Increase access to water | Increase access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation by lowering prices and investing in infrastructure | Human development | |
| Increase forest plantations | Increase the use of wood from highly productive wood plantations instead of wood from (semi-) natural forests. | PBL, 2010 | Forest management |
| Increased livestock productivity | A change in production characteristics, such as milk production per animal, carcass weight and off-take rates, which will also have an impact on the feed conversion ratio; in general, this will be lower in more productive animals | Livestock systems | |
| Integrated manure management | Better integration of manure in crop production systems. This consists of recycling of manure that under the baseline scenario ends up outside the agricultural system (e.g. manure used as fuel), in crop systems to substitute fertiliser. In addition, there is improved integration of animal manure in crop systems, particularly in industrialised countries. | Nutrients | |
| Intensification or extensification of livestock systems | A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants. | Livestock systems | |
| Intensification/extensification of livestock systems | A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants. | Livestock systems | |
| More sustainable forest management | Sustainable forest management aims for maintaining long-term harvest potential and good ecological status of forests (e.g. the nutrient balance and biodiversity). This can be implemented by (i) enlarging the return period when a forest can be harvested again; (ii) only using certain fractions of the harvested biomass and leave the remaining part in the forests. | Forest management | |
| Production targets for energy technologies | Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve. | Energy supply | |
| Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy | Increases the efficiency of bio-energy use. | Energy demand | |
| REDD policies | The objective of REDD policies it to reduce land-use related emissions by protecting existing forests in the world; The implementation of REDD includes also costs of policies. | Overmars et al., 2012 | Agricultural economy |
| Reduction of waste/losses | Reduction of losses in the agro-food chain and waste after consumption. | PBL, 2010 PBL, 2012 | Agricultural economy |
| Restrictions on fuel trade | As part of energy security policies, fuel trade between different regions can be blocked. | Energy supply | |
| Subsidies on modern energy | Reduces the costs of modern energy to reduce traditional energy use (can be targeted to low income groups). | Energy demand |
page is Air pollution and energy policies/Policy issues
| Policy Intervention | Description | Reference | Implementing component |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apply emission and energy intensity standards | Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour). | Energy conversion Energy demand | |
| Avoiding deforestation | Here comes description | ||
| Capacity targets | It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen. | Energy conversion | |
| Carbon tax | A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive. | Climate policy Energy conversion Energy demand | |
| Change in grazing intensity | Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations. | Land-use allocation | |
| Change market shares of fuel types | Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen and reflects the impact of fuel targets. | Van Ruijven et al., 2007 | Energy demand |
| Change the use of electricity and hydrogen | It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level. | Energy conversion | |
| Changes in consumption and diet preferences | Interventions that target consumption changes or changes in dietary preferences | Stehfest et al., 2013 | Agricultural economy |
| Changes in crop and livestock production systems | General changes in crop and livestock production systems, e.g. more efficient production methods to create higher production per unit of input, or other systems like organic farming | Agricultural economy | |
| Changes in feed ration | Change in the share of grass in the feed rations of cattle, sheep and goats, usually a decrease, meaning grass will be substituted by feed crops and the livestock system will be more intensive. | Livestock systems | |
| Enlarge protected areas | Increase in areas with protected status, as well the size of the areas as the numer of parks. | PBL, 2010 | Land-use allocation |
| Excluding certain technologies | Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons. | Kruyt et al., 2009 | Energy conversion |
| Expanding Reduced Impact Logging | Increasing the share of produced wood yielded with Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices instead of conventional logging practices. | PBL, 2010 | Forest management |
| Implementation of biofuel targets | Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy. | Banse et al., 2008 | Agricultural economy |
| Implementation of land use planning | Application of zoning laws or cadastres, assigning areas to certain land uses. | Land-use allocation | |
| Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production | Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas. | Energy supply Land cover and land use | |
| Improved irrigation efficiency | Improved irrigation efficiency assumes an increase in the irrigation project efficiency and irrigation conveyance efficiency. | Biemans et al., 2013 | Water |
| Improved manure storage | Improved manure storage systems (ST), considering 20% lower NH3 emissions from animal housing and storage systems. | Nutrients | |
| Improved rainwater management | Improved rainwater management assumes a decrease in the evaporative losses from rainfed agriculture and the creation of small scale reservoirs to harvest rainwater during the wet period and use it during a dryer period. Both measures lead to more efficient use of water and increased yields on rainfed fields. | Rost et al., 2009 | Water |
| Improvement of feed conversion | Improvement of feed conversion ratio of small ruminants, such as sheep and goats. This means other breeds will be used that need less grass to produce the same amount of meat. | Livestock systems | |
| Improving energy efficiency | Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels. | Energy demand | |
| Increase access to water | Increase access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation by lowering prices and investing in infrastructure | Human development | |
| Increase forest plantations | Increase the use of wood from highly productive wood plantations instead of wood from (semi-) natural forests. | PBL, 2010 | Forest management |
| Increased livestock productivity | A change in production characteristics, such as milk production per animal, carcass weight and off-take rates, which will also have an impact on the feed conversion ratio; in general, this will be lower in more productive animals | Livestock systems | |
| Integrated manure management | Better integration of manure in crop production systems. This consists of recycling of manure that under the baseline scenario ends up outside the agricultural system (e.g. manure used as fuel), in crop systems to substitute fertiliser. In addition, there is improved integration of animal manure in crop systems, particularly in industrialised countries. | Nutrients | |
| Intensification or extensification of livestock systems | A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants. | Livestock systems | |
| Intensification/extensification of livestock systems | A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants. | Livestock systems | |
| More sustainable forest management | Sustainable forest management aims for maintaining long-term harvest potential and good ecological status of forests (e.g. the nutrient balance and biodiversity). This can be implemented by (i) enlarging the return period when a forest can be harvested again; (ii) only using certain fractions of the harvested biomass and leave the remaining part in the forests. | Forest management | |
| Production targets for energy technologies | Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve. | Energy supply | |
| Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy | Increases the efficiency of bio-energy use. | Energy demand | |
| REDD policies | The objective of REDD policies it to reduce land-use related emissions by protecting existing forests in the world; The implementation of REDD includes also costs of policies. | Overmars et al., 2012 | Agricultural economy |
| Reduction of waste/losses | Reduction of losses in the agro-food chain and waste after consumption. | PBL, 2010 PBL, 2012 | Agricultural economy |
| Restrictions on fuel trade | As part of energy security policies, fuel trade between different regions can be blocked. | Energy supply | |
| Subsidies on modern energy | Reduces the costs of modern energy to reduce traditional energy use (can be targeted to low income groups). | Energy demand |