Emission table

Air pollution emission sources included in IMAGE are listed in the Emission table

Source	Activity level	CO2	CH4	N2O	SO2	NOx	CO	VOC	F-gases	BC	OC	NH3
A. Energy related
End-use energy use (industry, transport, residential, services and other)	Energy consumption rates	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF		EF	EF
Energy sector (production of power, hydrogen, coal, oil, gas, bioenergy)	Energy production rates	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF		EF	EF
Energy transport	Energy transport rates		EF
Other energy conversion	Energy conversion rates	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF		EF
B. Industry related
Emissions from industrial process	Industry value added (IVA)	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF	EF
Cement and Steel	Regional production	EF
C. Agriculture and land-use-related
Enteric fermentation, cattle	Feed type and amount		GMa
Animal waste, all animal categories	Number of animals		GEF	GEF		GEF						GEFb
Landfills	Population		GEF
Deforestation	Carbon burnt	GM	GEF	GEF	GEF	GEF	GEF	GEF		GEF	GEF	GEF
Agricultural waste burning	Carbon burnt	GM	GEF	GEF	GEF	GEF	GEF	GEF		GEF	GEF	GEF
Traditional biomass burning	Carbon burnt	GM	GEF	GEF	GEF	GEF	GEF	GEF		GEF	GEF	GEF
Savannah burning	Carbon burnt	GM	GEF	GEF	GEF	GEF	GEF	GEF		GEF	GEF	GEF
Domestic sewage treatment	Population, GDP		GEF	GEF
Wetland rice fields	Area wetland rice		GEF
Crops	Fertilizser and manure inputs			GM		GM						GM
Managed grassland	N fertiliser and manure input, crop type			GM		GM						GM
Indirect emissions	N crops, fertiliser and manure input			GM
Land use change	Clearing forest areas			GM
D. Natural sources
Soils under natural vegetation	Net primary production			GM		GM						GEF
Natural vegetation	N/A						W	W
Wild fires	N/A		W				W
Oceans	N/A		W	W			W					W
Natural wetlands	N/A		W
Termites	N/A		W
Wild animals	Net primary production		W
Methane hydrates	N/A		W
Volcanoes	N/A		W		W
Lightning	N/A			W		W

Activity level describes the activity level to which the emission factor is applied, or the main determinant for the gridded model.

Methods:

• W = Global emissions;
• EF =Regional emission factor applied to the specified activity level;
• GEF = Grid-specific emission calculated from gridded activity level and (regional) emission factor;
• GM = Gridded, model-based emission (statistical or process-based model).

Footnotes:

^a GM for dairy and non-dairy cattle, emission factors for other animal categories.

^b EF for NH₃ emissions from animal houses, manure storage and grazing livestock; GM for NH₃ emissions from manure spreading.