Carbon cycle and natural vegetation/Description: Difference between revisions
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===Carbon dynamics=== | ===Carbon dynamics=== | ||
IMAGE-LPJmL covers the carbon cycle processes, described in the [[Natural_vegetation_and_carbon_cycle|introduction]], and tracks all carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and the biosphere. Carbon-cycle dynamics of the terrestrial biosphere are computed as the carbon uptake and release in plants (photosynthesis, autotrophic respiration), transfer of plant carbon to the soil (shedding of leaves, turnover, mortality of plants) and the mineralisation of soil organic matter (heterotrophic respiration; see Model flowchart on the right). Because the photosynthesis, autotrophic respiration and mineralisation of soil organic matter strongly depend on weather conditions, these processes are computed in time steps of one day. The composition of natural vegetation is dependent on slower processes, such as the interannual and interseasonal variability of weather conditions and disturbance incidences, such as natural fires. Therefore, vegetation dynamics, including competition between plant functional types, mortality, turnover, and fire disturbances are computed in time steps of one year. Allocation of newly established biomass is computed in time steps of one year for perennial plants (natural grasses, trees) and in time steps of one day for annual plants (crops). Allocation to plant organs (represented by a carbon pool for each) distinguishes up to four living plant carbon pools, depending on plant type. For grasses, the model distinguishes carbon pools of leaves and roots only, and for trees, there are two additional woody carbon pools (hardwood and sapwood), whereas for agricultural crops, the pools are categorised as leaves, roots, storage organs, stems, and a mobile reserve pool. For the simulation of the different mineralisation rates of soil organic carbon, three soil carbon pools are distinguished in the model: one for litter and two for soil organic matter of fast (10 years) and slow (100 years) mineralisation rates. Harvested agricultural products (crops, grass, biofuels) are assumed to be consumed or combusted with the related CO2 emitted to the atmosphere within the same year. Residues are either left on the fields to enter the litter pool or are removed to subsequently decompose (scenario setting). During wood harvesting, certain fraction of the plant pools are cut-down and harvested, as determined in the [[Forest management]] model, the waste is left behind to enter the soil litter pool as dead biomass. Wood products are distinguished into three classes, in order to account for their various lifespans: pulp and paper have fast turnover rates; timber products, such as furniture, have longer turnover rates ([[Lauk et al., 2012]]); and traditional biomass that is used as an energy source and emitted within the same year. All land-use dynamics, including the expansion or abandonment of pastures, cropland and bio-energy plantations, as well as wood harvested from natural vegetation are determined annually by the [[Land cover and use]] model. | IMAGE-LPJmL covers the carbon cycle processes, described in the [[Natural_vegetation_and_carbon_cycle|introduction]], and tracks all carbon fluxes between the atmosphere and the biosphere. Carbon-cycle dynamics of the terrestrial biosphere are computed as the carbon uptake and release in plants (photosynthesis, autotrophic respiration), transfer of plant carbon to the soil (shedding of leaves, turnover, mortality of plants) and the mineralisation of soil organic matter (heterotrophic respiration; see Model flowchart on the right). Because the photosynthesis, autotrophic respiration and mineralisation of soil organic matter strongly depend on weather conditions, these processes are computed in time steps of one day. The composition of natural vegetation is dependent on slower processes, such as the interannual and interseasonal variability of weather conditions and disturbance incidences, such as natural fires. Therefore, vegetation dynamics, including competition between plant functional types, mortality, turnover, and fire disturbances are computed in time steps of one year. Allocation of newly established biomass is computed in time steps of one year for perennial plants (natural grasses, trees) and in time steps of one day for annual plants (crops). Allocation to plant organs (represented by a carbon pool for each) distinguishes up to four living plant carbon pools, depending on plant type. For grasses, the model distinguishes carbon pools of leaves and roots only, and for trees, there are two additional woody carbon pools (hardwood and sapwood), whereas for agricultural crops, the pools are categorised as leaves, roots, storage organs, stems, and a mobile reserve pool. For the simulation of the different mineralisation rates of soil organic carbon, three soil carbon pools are distinguished in the model: one for litter and two for soil organic matter of fast (10 years) and slow (100 years) mineralisation rates. Harvested agricultural products (crops, grass, biofuels) are assumed to be consumed or combusted with the related CO2 emitted to the atmosphere within the same year. Residues are either left on the fields to enter the litter pool or are removed to subsequently decompose (scenario setting). During wood harvesting, certain fraction of the plant pools are cut-down and harvested, as determined in the [[Forest management]] model, the waste is left behind to enter the soil litter pool as dead biomass. Wood products are distinguished into three classes, in order to account for their various lifespans: pulp and paper have fast turnover rates; timber products, such as furniture, have longer turnover rates ([[Lauk et al., 2012]]); and traditional biomass that is used as an energy source and emitted within the same year. All land-use dynamics, including the expansion or abandonment of pastures, cropland and bio-energy plantations, as well as wood harvested from natural vegetation are determined annually by the [[Land cover and land use]] model. | ||
===Model linkage and simulation procedure=== | ===Model linkage and simulation procedure=== | ||
Before the IMAGE-LPJml coupled simulation is started, vegetation and soil carbon pools need to be initialised. This is achieved by using LPJmL first in a 1000-year spin-up in order to initialise the natural ecosystems and their carbon pools and fluxes. This is followed by a 390-year spin-up, in which the agricultural land is gradually expanded based on historical [[HYDE database| HYDE land-use data]]. Timber product pool sizes of 1970 are based on literature estimates ([[Lauk et al., 2012]]). The coupled IMAGE-LPJmL simulations start in 1970 with observed climate, followed by simulated climate for the years from 2000 onwards ([[Atmospheric composition and climate]]). As the interannual variability of weather conditions is needed for the simulation of vegetation dynamics in IMAGE-LPJmL, smooth annual climate trends from IMAGE [[Atmospheric composition and climate]] model are superimposed by interannual variability fields, extracted from observed climate over the 1971–2000 period. To avoid repeating climate trends within these 30-year periods, annual anomalies are ordered at random before superimposition. | Before the IMAGE-LPJml coupled simulation is started, vegetation and soil carbon pools need to be initialised. This is achieved by using LPJmL first in a 1000-year spin-up in order to initialise the natural ecosystems and their carbon pools and fluxes. This is followed by a 390-year spin-up, in which the agricultural land is gradually expanded based on historical [[HYDE database| HYDE land-use data]]. Timber product pool sizes of 1970 are based on literature estimates ([[Lauk et al., 2012]]). The coupled IMAGE-LPJmL simulations start in 1970 with observed climate, followed by simulated climate for the years from 2000 onwards ([[Atmospheric composition and climate]]). As the interannual variability of weather conditions is needed for the simulation of vegetation dynamics in IMAGE-LPJmL, smooth annual climate trends from IMAGE [[Atmospheric composition and climate]] model are superimposed by interannual variability fields, extracted from observed climate over the 1971–2000 period. To avoid repeating climate trends within these 30-year periods, annual anomalies are ordered at random before superimposition. | ||
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Revision as of 18:28, 16 May 2014
Parts of Carbon cycle and natural vegetation/Description
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