Ecosystem services/Description: Difference between revisions
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{{ComponentDescriptionTemplate | {{ComponentDescriptionTemplate | ||
|Reference=Maes et al., 2012; Egoh et al., 2008; Egoh et al., 2009; O'Farrell et al., 2010; Costanza et al., 1997; TEEB, 2010b; UNEP-WCMC, 2011; Burkhard et al., 2012; Van Asselen and Verburg, 2012; Nelson, 2008; EFI, 2007; Sea around us project, 2013; FAO, 2013b; Alcamo et al., 2003; Biemans et al., 2011; Vörösmarty et al., 2000; Crossman et al., 2013; Hootsmans et al., 2001; Gallai et al., 2009; Steffan-Dewenter and Tscharntke, 1999; Klein et al., 2011; Kleijn and Langevelde, 2006; Morandin et al., 2007; Schulp and Alkemade, 2011; Thies et al., 2003; Boccaccio and Petacchi, 2009; Rusch et al., 2011; Hawkins and Cornell, 1994; Bianchi et al., 2005; UNISDR, 2011; IPCC, 2012; Bell and Tobin, 2007; | |Reference=Maes et al., 2012; Egoh et al., 2008; Egoh et al., 2009; O'Farrell et al., 2010; Costanza et al., 1997; TEEB, 2010b; UNEP-WCMC, 2011; Burkhard et al., 2012; Van Asselen and Verburg, 2012; Nelson, 2008; EFI, 2007; Sea around us project, 2013; FAO, 2013b; Alcamo et al., 2003; Biemans et al., 2011; Vörösmarty et al., 2000; Crossman et al., 2013; Hootsmans et al., 2001; Gallai et al., 2009; Steffan-Dewenter and Tscharntke, 1999; Klein et al., 2011; Kleijn and Langevelde, 2006; Morandin et al., 2007; Schulp and Alkemade, 2011; Thies et al., 2003; Boccaccio and Petacchi, 2009; Rusch et al., 2011; Hawkins and Cornell, 1994; Bianchi et al., 2005; UNISDR, 2011; IPCC, 2012; Bell and Tobin, 2007; | ||
|Description=The supply of ecosystem services is quantified using other models in the IMAGE 3.0 framework, and where necessary combined with relationships between environmental variables and ecosystem services supply, derived from literature reviews (Figure Flowchart). | |Description=The supply of ecosystem services is quantified using other models in the IMAGE 3.0 framework, and where necessary combined with relationships between environmental variables and ecosystem services supply, derived from literature reviews (Figure Flowchart). | ||
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Food supply is broken down into three components: food produced on agricultural land (crops and livestock); fish from marine fish landings and aquaculture; and wild food from hunting and gathering. The food supply is converted to energy content (kcal nutritional value) and proteins (g) provided by the aggregate agricultural products, fish and wild food, and summed per IMAGE geographical region. | Food supply is broken down into three components: food produced on agricultural land (crops and livestock); fish from marine fish landings and aquaculture; and wild food from hunting and gathering. The food supply is converted to energy content (kcal nutritional value) and proteins (g) provided by the aggregate agricultural products, fish and wild food, and summed per IMAGE geographical region. | ||
Agricultural ecosystems are modified by human interventions such as mechanisation, fertiliser application, irrigation, and agro-chemicals for pest and disease control. The degree of modification varies significantly between agricultural production systems, from slight in an extensive grazing system to heavy in modern agriculture ([[ | Agricultural ecosystems are modified by human interventions such as mechanisation, fertiliser application, irrigation, and agro-chemicals for pest and disease control. The degree of modification varies significantly between agricultural production systems, from slight in an extensive grazing system to heavy in modern agriculture ([[Van Asselen et al., 2012]]). Even in the most heavily modified systems, the production of crops and livestock depends on ecological processes in agricultural ecosystems. | ||
For crops and livestock products, data from the IMAGE crop and livestock module are used (Components [[Agriculture and land use]] and [[Nutrients]]). Production volumes are modified for products used as feed and for post-harvest losses to estimate the food quantity consumed by humans. Marine fish landings per country are derived from the Sea around Us project ([[Sea around us project, 2013]]). The amount of fish derived from aquaculture is not yet included due to data limitations. Wild food can be an important part of local diets and includes game, mushrooms and berries. Local availability depends on the land cover and natural productivity of the ecosystem, and is determined from national and international hunting statistics for each land cover type ([[EFI, 2007]]; [[Schulp et al., 2012]]). Accessibility also influences availability of the wild food, and depends on the time people spend in collection including travel time ([[Nelson, 2008]]). | For crops and livestock products, data from the IMAGE crop and livestock module are used (Components [[Agriculture and land use]] and [[Nutrients]]). Production volumes are modified for products used as feed and for post-harvest losses to estimate the food quantity consumed by humans. Marine fish landings per country are derived from the Sea around Us project ([[Sea around us project, 2013]]). The amount of fish derived from aquaculture is not yet included due to data limitations. Wild food can be an important part of local diets and includes game, mushrooms and berries. Local availability depends on the land cover and natural productivity of the ecosystem, and is determined from national and international hunting statistics for each land cover type ([[EFI, 2007]]; [[Schulp et al., 2012]]). Accessibility also influences availability of the wild food, and depends on the time people spend in collection including travel time ([[Nelson, 2008]]). | ||
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====Erosion risk reduction==== | ====Erosion risk reduction==== | ||
Erosion is the loss of topsoil by wind and water, and is a natural process. However, agricultural practices can accelerate erosion rates, reducing productivity and leading to loss of arable land. The model considers topsoil erosion related to water and agricultural practices (Component [[Land | Erosion is the loss of topsoil by wind and water, and is a natural process. However, agricultural practices can accelerate erosion rates, reducing productivity and leading to loss of arable land. The model considers topsoil erosion related to water and agricultural practices (Component [[Land degradation]]). | ||
The erosion risk depends on topography, precipitation and agricultural practices, including crop type (see Component [[Land Degradation]]). The risk can be reduced by natural vegetation serving as buffer zones, erosion prevention strips and uphill soil retention cover. To determine the supply of ecosystem services, the erosion risk index from IMAGE is linearly reduced by the percentage of natural elements in a grid cell, derived from the land use and intensity map from GLOBIO (see Component [[Land Degradation]]). | The erosion risk depends on topography, precipitation and agricultural practices, including crop type (see Component [[Land Degradation]]). The risk can be reduced by natural vegetation serving as buffer zones, erosion prevention strips and uphill soil retention cover. To determine the supply of ecosystem services, the erosion risk index from IMAGE is linearly reduced by the percentage of natural elements in a grid cell, derived from the land use and intensity map from GLOBIO (see Component [[Land Degradation]]). | ||
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{{DisplayFigureLeftOptimalTemplate|Baseline figure EGS}} | {{DisplayFigureLeftOptimalTemplate|Baseline figure EGS}} | ||
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Revision as of 07:49, 20 May 2014
Parts of Ecosystem services/Description
