|
|
| Line 29: |
Line 29: |
|
| |
|
|
| |
|
|
| |
| <h3>Energy access</h3>
| |
|
| |
| ''Baseline developments''
| |
|
| |
| IMAGE can also be used to consider energy access issues. The baseline scenario of the Rio+20 report shows that without additional policy by 2030, 2.6 billion people will continue to depend on solid fuels for cooking and heating and 1 billion people will have no access to electricity (PBL, 2012). Low energy access has been reported to lead to development issues and to environmental issues.
| |
|
| |
| ''Policy interventions''
| |
|
| |
| The model defines access to modern energy sources for cooking and heating by either using modern fuels or improved biomass stoves. To make the transition, the IMAGE analysis include measures such as increased investments in the power grid (for access to electricity), fuel subsidies and grants, and micro-lending facilities for easier access to credit and lower borrowing costs for households (Van Ruijven, 2008) . For households for which the shift from biomass may still be out of reach under the induced financial policies, improved biomass stoves are distributed as a cost-effective interim solution. The Roads from Rio+20 report (PBL, 2012), for instance, explored measures, such as subsidies and grid extension, to achieve 95 % grid connectivity and use of modern fuels for cooking and heating in 2030.
| |
|
| |
| <h3>Air pollution</h3>
| |
|
| |
| ''Baseline developments''
| |
|
| |
| Indoor and outdoor air pollution which have negative health impacts are key issues for energy policies. IMAGE is used to explore air pollution policies, particularly in relation to climate policy. In the baseline scenario of the Rio+20 project, for instance, emissions of air pollutants remain at high levels globally (PBL, 2012). Black carbon emissions are projected to decrease towards 2050, while SO2 emissions remain constant and NOx emissions increase. Another key factor is the ageing population because the impacts of air pollution are felt especially by the elderly.
| |
|
| |
| ''Policy intervention''
| |
|
| |
| Emissions of air pollutants may be reduced by either a change in energy use or end-of-pipe abatement measures. In IMAGE, the first policy category can be modelled explicitly, for instance, as a result of climate policy. Many technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions also lead to less emissions of air pollutants. End-of-pipe policies can only be implemented by changing the emission factors (in an aggregated way). However, by relating improvement rates to those of more explicit models, it is still possible to perform policy relevant experiments.
| |
| |PISet=Changes in consumption and diet preferences; | | |PISet=Changes in consumption and diet preferences; |
| }} | | }} |
| | {{ContentPartsTemplate}} |
| }} | | }} |
| {{ContentPartsTemplate}}
| |
