IMAGE framework/A brief history of IMAGE: Difference between revisions
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===IMAGE 2=== | ===IMAGE 2=== | ||
As a result of a major development investment in the nineties, a quite different generation of IMAGE came into operation, jointly referred to as IMAGE 2. The first version, IMAGE 2.0, presented several key aspects retained to date: regional drivers of global change and gridded, process-oriented modeling of the terrestrial biosphere, land-cover and land-use ([[Alcamo, 1994]]). IMAGE 2.0 consisted of three main subsystems: the 13-region Energy-Industry System ([[EIS]]), the Terrestrial Environment System (TES) operating at 0.5x0.5 degrees grid-scale and the Atmosphere-Ocean System ([[AOS]]) to compute the resulting changes in the composition of the atmosphere leading to climate change. Further refinements and extensions were implemented in IMAGE 2.1 ([[Alcamo et al., 1998]]) with the primary aim to enhance the model’s performance and broaden its applicability . The latter was demonstrated convincingly with IMAGE 2.2 contributing to the development and publication of the [[IPCC]] Special Report on Emissions Scenarios ([[IMAGE-team, 2001]]). Among others, in IMAGE 2.2 the earlier zonal-mean climate-ocean model was replaced by a combination of the MAGICC climate model and the Bern ocean model. In the new approach, the resulting global average temperature and precipitation changes were scaled using temperature and precipitation patterns generated by complex coupled Global Circulation Models ([[HasAcronym::GCM|GCMs]]) to provide spatially explicit climate impacts and feedback. On the economy–energy side, the TIMER energy model replaced the earlier EIS, also improving the linkage with the macro-economic model Worldscan . | As a result of a major development investment in the nineties, a quite different generation of IMAGE came into operation, jointly referred to as IMAGE 2. The first version, IMAGE 2.0, presented several key aspects retained to date: regional drivers of global change and gridded, process-oriented modeling of the terrestrial biosphere, land-cover and land-use ([[Alcamo, 1994]]). IMAGE 2.0 consisted of three main subsystems: the 13-region Energy-Industry System ([[HasAcronym::EIS]]), the Terrestrial Environment System ([[HasAcronym::TES]]) operating at 0.5x0.5 degrees grid-scale and the Atmosphere-Ocean System ([[HasAcronym::AOS]]) to compute the resulting changes in the composition of the atmosphere leading to climate change. Further refinements and extensions were implemented in IMAGE 2.1 ([[Alcamo et al., 1998]]) with the primary aim to enhance the model’s performance and broaden its applicability . The latter was demonstrated convincingly with IMAGE 2.2 contributing to the development and publication of the [[IPCC]] Special Report on Emissions Scenarios ([[IMAGE-team, 2001]]). Among others, in IMAGE 2.2 the earlier zonal-mean climate-ocean model was replaced by a combination of the MAGICC climate model and the Bern ocean model. In the new approach, the resulting global average temperature and precipitation changes were scaled using temperature and precipitation patterns generated by complex coupled Global Circulation Models ([[HasAcronym::GCM|GCMs]]) to provide spatially explicit climate impacts and feedback. On the economy–energy side, the TIMER energy model replaced the earlier EIS, also improving the linkage with the macro-economic model Worldscan . | ||
===IMAGE 2.4=== | ===IMAGE 2.4=== | ||
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* Detailed energy demand modules, including household energy demand levels and energy carrier preferences distinguished between urban and rural populations and by income level in developing and emerging economies. And also in selected energy-intensive industries, using technological production alternatives with their costs and efficiencies in delivering energy services. | * Detailed energy demand modules, including household energy demand levels and energy carrier preferences distinguished between urban and rural populations and by income level in developing and emerging economies. And also in selected energy-intensive industries, using technological production alternatives with their costs and efficiencies in delivering energy services. | ||
* Forestry management. The demand for roundwood, pulp and paper, and for traditional bio-energy use (fuelwood and charcoal) is met by supply from different production systems, per region balanced with trade. Management systems include clear-cutting, selective cutting (conventional or “reduced impact logging”) and dedicated wood plantations. In addition, wood products are retrieved from areas deforested for agriculture and other non-forestry purposes. | * Forestry management. The demand for roundwood, pulp and paper, and for traditional bio-energy use (fuelwood and charcoal) is met by supply from different production systems, per region balanced with trade. Management systems include clear-cutting, selective cutting (conventional or “reduced impact logging”) and dedicated wood plantations. In addition, wood products are retrieved from areas deforested for agriculture and other non-forestry purposes. | ||
* A new and updated crop and carbon model, LPJmL, simulates plant growth as a function of soil properties, water availability, climatic conditions and crop growth parameters. Carbon stocks and fluxes, biomass yields and water surplus are thereby integrated and internally consistent. | * A new and updated crop and carbon model, [[LPJmL model|LPJmL]], simulates plant growth as a function of soil properties, water availability, climatic conditions and crop growth parameters. Carbon stocks and fluxes, biomass yields and water surplus are thereby integrated and internally consistent. | ||
* Global hydrological modelling, coupled with natural vegetation and crop growth modelling. The balance of precipitation and evapotranspiration in each grid-cell feeds a routing network of rivers and natural lakes. Man-made reservoirs for hydropower production, irrigation or mixed use built to date are included and alter river flows. | * Global hydrological modelling, coupled with natural vegetation and crop growth modelling. The balance of precipitation and evapotranspiration in each grid-cell feeds a routing network of rivers and natural lakes. Man-made reservoirs for hydropower production, irrigation or mixed use built to date are included and alter river flows. | ||
* Nutrient (N, P) soil budgets for natural and anthropogenic land use, to assess nutrient cycles in agricultural and natural ecosystems, and fertilizer use, its efficiency and integration of manure in crop production systems Besides these non-point sources, point-sources of urban wastewater with nutrients are modelled. The fate of the nutrients in the river systems finally determines the loading into coastal waters at the river mouth, creating risks of hypoxia and algal blooms. | * Nutrient (N, P) soil budgets for natural and anthropogenic land use, to assess nutrient cycles in agricultural and natural ecosystems, and fertilizer use, its efficiency and integration of manure in crop production systems Besides these non-point sources, point-sources of urban wastewater with nutrients are modelled. The fate of the nutrients in the river systems finally determines the loading into coastal waters at the river mouth, creating risks of hypoxia and algal blooms. | ||
* Landscape composition on a 5x5 minutes resolution, from the 0.5x0.5 degrees grid used in all IMAGE 2.x versions. Depending on the modules, the 5 minute information is processed directly, or translated into fractional land-use at the 0.5 degree scale. | * Landscape composition on a 5x5 minutes resolution, from the 0.5x0.5 degrees grid used in all IMAGE 2.x versions. Depending on the modules, the 5 minute information is processed directly, or translated into fractional land-use at the 0.5 degree scale. | ||
* The climate model with associated data is updated to Magicc 6.0, a simple climate model that estimates global average temperatures as the result of net GHG emissions, carbon uptake, and atmospheric concentrations of climate forcing agents. The global average temperature is used to scale grid-based climate indicators emerging from complex climate model studies. | * The climate model with associated data is updated to Magicc 6.0, a simple climate model that estimates global average temperatures as the result of net [[GHG]] emissions, carbon uptake, and atmospheric concentrations of climate forcing agents. The global average temperature is used to scale grid-based climate indicators emerging from complex climate model studies. | ||
* Additional impact modules provide information on flood risks;; aquatic biodiversity; ecosystem goods and services and human health. | * Additional impact modules provide information on flood risks;; aquatic biodiversity; ecosystem goods and services and human health. | ||
* Optimal GHG emission reduction pathways under overall climate policy goals are explored under varying assumptions for participation timing, rules and emission targets under global strategies. A simple cost-benefit analysis tool is added to test the net economic outcome of mitigation efforts, adaptation costs and residual climate change impacts at different levels of forcing, subject to varying cost and damage assumptions found in the literature. | * Optimal GHG emission reduction pathways under overall climate policy goals are explored under varying assumptions for participation timing, rules and emission targets under global strategies. A simple cost-benefit analysis tool is added to test the net economic outcome of mitigation efforts, adaptation costs and residual climate change impacts at different levels of forcing, subject to varying cost and damage assumptions found in the literature. | ||
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Revision as of 11:28, 12 December 2013
Parts of IMAGE framework/A brief history of IMAGE
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