Livestock systems: Difference between revisions

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{{ComponentTemplate2
{{ComponentTemplate2
|Application=Roads from Rio+20 (2012) project; Global Environmental Outlook - GEO4 project; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment project; OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 (2008) project; OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 (2012) project; Resource Efficiency project; Global Environmental Outlook - GEO3 project;
|Application=Roads from Rio+20 (2012) project; Global Environmental Outlook - GEO4 (2007) project; Millennium Ecosystem Assessment - MA (2005) project; OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030 (2008) project; OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050 (2012) project; Global Environmental Outlook - GEO3 (2002) project; EU Resource efficiency (2011) project
|IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Agricultural economy and forestry; Agricultural systems; Agriculture and land use; Atmospheric composition and climate; Crop and grass;
|IMAGEComponent=Drivers; Agricultural economy; Land-use allocation; Agriculture and land use; Atmospheric composition and climate; Crops and grass;
|Model-Database=MAGNET model;
|KeyReference=Bouwman et al., 2005;
|KeyReference=Bouwman et al., 2005;
|Reference=Bruinsma, 2003; Bouwman et al., 2006; Bouwman et al., 2005; Delgado et al., 1999; Seré and Steinfeld, 1996; FAO, 2012;
|Reference=Bruinsma, 2003; Bouwman et al., 2006; Bouwman et al., 2005; Delgado et al., 1999; Seré and Steinfeld, 1996; FAO, 2012a;
|InputVar=Production system mix; Feed conversion; Livestock ration; Livestock production; Management intensity livestock; Animal productivity;
|InputVar=Production system mix; Feed conversion; Livestock rations; Livestock production; Management intensity livestock; Animal productivity;
|OutputVar=Animal stock; Feed crop requirement; Grass requirement;
|OutputVar=Animal stocks; Feed crop requirement; Grass requirement;
|Description=Food production will have to increase in order to feed the world’s growing population. However, with increasing prosperity and falling production costs, dietary patterns are shifting to include a higher proportion of meat and milk. In the last few decades, traditional mixed farming systems have not been unable to raise production levels sufficiently to meet increasing demand. Consequently, modern livestock production systems are expanding rapidly particularly for poultry and pork, creating growing demand for crops. This trend started in high-income countries and is now observed in emerging and developing countries ([[Bruinsma, 2003]]).  
|Description=Food production will have to increase in order to feed the world’s growing population. However, with increasing prosperity and falling production costs, dietary patterns are shifting to include a higher proportion of meat and milk. In the last few decades, traditional mixed farming systems have not been able to raise production levels sufficiently to meet increasing demand. Consequently, modern livestock production systems are expanding rapidly particularly for poultry and pork, creating growing demand for feed crops. This trend started in high-income countries and is now observed in emerging and developing countries ([[Alexandratos and Bruinsma, 2012]]).


Interactions between crop and livestock production are described in IMAGE and also the consequences of changing practices in livestock farming for production of food crops and grass, and associated grassland and arable land use. For this purpose, IMAGE includes a model on pastoral livestock systems, and mixed and landless (industrial) production systems. Pastoral systems are based on grazing ruminants, while mixed and landless systems integrate crop and livestock production in which livestock are fed a mix of crops, crop by-products, grass, fodder and crop residues. The model is described in detail by Bouwman et al. ([[Bouwman et al., 2005]]; [[Bouwman et al., 2006]]).
Interactions between crop and livestock production are described in the livestock systems module of IMAGE, and also the consequences of changing practices in livestock farming for production of food crops and grass. For this purpose, IMAGE distinguishes pastoral livestock systems, and mixed and landless (industrial) production systems. Pastoral systems are based on grazing ruminants, while mixed and landless systems integrate crop and livestock production in which livestock are fed a mix of crops, crop by-products, grass, fodder and crop residues ([[Bouwman et al., 2005]]; [[Bouwman et al., 2006]]).
Livestock is related to a wide range of the environmental issues, and the consequences of changes in the livestock system can be studied in the integrated assessment model IMAGE
 
# Expansion of grazing land and particularly arable land for feed crop production, is required to support increasing livestock numbers. According to [[Bouwman et al., 2005]] most arable land expansion is to increase feed production;  
Livestock production is related to a wide range of the environmental issues, and the consequences of changes in the livestock system can be studied in the IMAGE framework:
# Large amounts of methane (CH4) emitted by ruminants during enteric fermentation are the second major source of greenhouse gas emissions after CO2;
#Expansion of grazing land and particularly arable land for feed crop production, is required to support increasing livestock numbers. According to Bouwman et al. (2005) most arable land expansion is to increase feed production;  
# Excreta from all livestock categories is a source of ammonia, methane, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide;  
#Large amounts of methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emitted by ruminants during enteric fermentation are the second major source of greenhouse gas emissions after CO2;
# Odour nuisance and nitrate leaching to groundwater are major local-scale problems;  
#Excreta from all livestock categories is a source of ammonia, methane, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide;  
# A significant amount of land used for ruminants grazing is marginal unproductive grassland with low carrying capacity and high risk of degradation due to overgrazing, especially in arid and semi-arid tropics and subtropics ([[Seré and Steinfeld, 1996]]; [[Delgado et al., 1999]]). To compensate for productivity losses in these areas, forests may be cleared to expand agricultural land areas.
#Odour nuisance and nitrate leaching to groundwater are major local-scale problems;  
#A significant amount of land used for ruminants grazing is marginal, low productive grassland with low carrying capacity and high risk of degradation due to overgrazing, especially in arid and semi-arid regions ([[Seré and Steinfeld, 1996]]; [[Delgado et al., 1999]]). To compensate for productivity losses in these areas, forests may be cleared to expand agricultural land areas.
|ComponentCode=LS
|ComponentCode=LS
|AggregatedComponent=Agriculture and land use
|AggregatedComponent=Agriculture and land use

Revision as of 09:28, 22 July 2014

link to framework components overview

Parts of Livestock systems

  1. Introduction page
  2. Model description
  3. Policy issues
  4. Data, uncertainty and limitations
  5. Overview of references
Component is implemented in:
Components:
Related IMAGE components
Projects/Applications
Models/Databases
Key publications
References
Livestock systems module in IMAGE 3.0
Flowchart Livestock systems. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.

Key policy issues

  • What are the impacts of increasing livestock production on land use, greenhouse gases and other emissions to air and surface water?
  • How does the use of marginal lands for grazing increase the risk of degradation and loss of productivity, inducing more forest clearing?

Introduction

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