Livestock systems/Description: Difference between revisions

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{{ComponentDescriptionTemplate
{{ComponentDescriptionTemplate
|Reference=Seré and Steinfeld, 1996;
|Reference=Seré and Steinfeld, 1996;
|Description=For each world region, IMAGE distinguishes two livestock production systems, namely pastoral systems and mixed/industrial systems, on the basis of [[FAO]] studies ([[Seré and Steinfeld, 1996]]). In general, pastoral systems are dominated by extensive ruminant production systems. Mixed and industrial systems are more intensive than pastoral ones, and animal husbandry comprises grazing ruminants and monogastrics. For years up to the present, the distribution of livestock production over the two systems, for each IMAGE region, is constructed from historical data, whereas for future years, this depends on the scenario selected.
|Description===Livestock production==
IMAGE distinguishes five animal categories: beef and dairy cattle (large ruminants), goats and sheep as one group (small ruminants) and pigs and poultry (monogastrics). The numbers of animals and their shares per production system are calculated from data on domestic livestock production, per region, provided by the agricultural economy model ([[Agricultural economy and forestry]]) (see figure on the right). The number of animals per category is calculated from the total production per region and per animal specific to that region. Stocks of dairy cows (POP), per country or world region, are obtained from total milk production (PROD) and the milk production per animal (MPH):
IMAGE distinguishes two livestock production systems, namely pastoral systems, and mixed and industrial systems, based on FAO ([[Seré and Steinfeld, 1996]]). Pastoral systems are mostly dominated by extensive ruminant production, while mixed and industrial systems are more intensive with animal husbandry comprising grazing ruminants and monogastrics. The distribution of livestock production in the two systems is constructed from historical data for the years up to the present, and for future years will depend on the scenario selected.
{{FormulaAndTableTemplate|Formula1_LS}}  
 
Animal stocks per region, for the categories beef cattle, pigs, and sheep and goats, is obtained from production and carcass weight (CW) and off-take rate (OR):
==Livestock==
{{FormulaAndTableTemplate|Formula2_LS}}  
IMAGE distinguishes five types of livestock: beef, dairy cattle (large ruminants), the category sheep & goats (small ruminants), pigs, and poultry (monogastrics). The numbers of animals and the proportion per production system are calculated from data on domestic livestock production per region provided by the agro-economic model MAGNET ([[Agricultural economy and forestry]]). The number of animals in each of the five livestock types is calculated from the total production per region and the characteristics of the livestock systems in that region.  
Stocks of dairy cows (POP) per country and world region are obtained from total milk production (PROD) and milk production per animal (MPH):
{{FormulaAndTableTemplate|Formula1_LS}}
Animal stocks per region of beef cattle, pigs, and sheep and goats are obtained from production and carcass weight (CW) and off-take rate (OR):
{{FormulaAndTableTemplate|Formula2_LS}}
Historical data on milk production per cow, off-take rate, and carcass weight are obtained from statistics, and values for future years will depend on the scenario selected.
Historical data on milk production per cow, off-take rate, and carcass weight are obtained from statistics, and values for future years will depend on the scenario selected.


Energy requirements: For dairy cattle, the energy requirements are calculated for maintenance (based on body weight), feeding (based on the proportion of grass in feed rations), lactation (based on milk production per cow) and pregnancy (based on the number of calves per year). The amount of feed dry matter is calculated on the basis of the proportion of digestible energy in the total energy intake, and the energy content of biomass.
==Energy requirements==
Energy requirements for cattle are based on animal activity and production, and for pigs, poultry, sheep and goats on Feed Conversion Ratios ([[HasAcronym::FCR]]). This is the amount of feed (kg dry matter) required to produce one kilogram of milk or meat. The FCR values are based on historical data and values for future years will depend on the scenario selected.
For dairy cattle, the energy requirements are calculated for maintenance (based on body weight), feeding (based on the proportion of grass in feed rations), lactation (based on milk production per cow) and pregnancy (based on the number of calves per year). The amount of feed dry matter is calculated on the basis of the proportion of digestible energy in the total energy intake, and the energy content of biomass.
Cropland and grassland required: ([[Agricultural systems]]) are calculated on the basis of feed crop and grass requirements, which are calculated from total feed requirement and diet composition (feed rations).  
 
Composition of animal feed: IMAGE distinguishes five feed categories:  
Energy requirements for cattle are based on animal activity and production, and for pigs, poultry, sheep and goats on Feed Conversion Ratios (FCR). This is the amount of feed (kg dry matter) required to produce one kilogram of milk or meat. The FCR values are based on historical data and values for future years will depend on the scenario selected.
# grass, including hay and grass silage;  
 
# food crops and processing by-products;  
==Cropland and grassland required==
# crop residues in the field after harvesting, and fodder crops;  
Areas for feed crop production and grass are calculated on the basis of feed crop and grass requirements ([[Agricultural systems]]), which are calculated from total feed requirement and diet composition (feed rations, see below).  
# animal products;  
Composition of animal feed
# foraging including roadside grazing, scavenging household waste, and feedstuffs from backyard farming.
IMAGE distinguishes five feed categories:  
In pastoral ruminant production systems, the feed is almost entirely grass except in developing regions where foraging constitutes a larger but variable proportion of the total feed. Pigs and poultry are fed on food crops and by-products, crop residues and fodder. Since these animals are mainly farmed in mixed systems, the contribution of food crops and residues to the total feed in these systems is much higher than in pastoral systems.
#grass, including hay and grass silage;  
The required feed crop production per animal is calculated from feed rations, and this information is incorporated into the Agricultural Economy Demand model ([[Agricultural economy and forestry]]). The proportion of grass in feed rations determines total grass consumption, which is used to compute the grassland area per world region, based on grazing intensity ([[Agricultural economy and forestry]] and [[Agricultural systems]]).
#food crops and processing by-products;  
Scenario definition: A scenario includes assumptions on milk production per animal for dairy cattle, carcass weight and off-take rate for beef cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep and goats, and feed conversion rates (FCR) for pigs, poultry, sheep and goats. The changes in these parameters are generally based on the storyline of the scenario, and on the economic growth scenario.
#crop residues in the field after harvesting, and fodder crops;  
#animal products;  
#foraging including roadside grazing, scavenging household waste, and feedstuffs from backyard farming.
 
In pastoral ruminant production systems, the feed is almost entirely grass except in developing regions where foraging constitutes a larger but variable proportion of the total feed. Pigs and poultry are fed feed crops and by-products, crop residues and fodder. Since these animals are mainly farmed in mixed systems, the contribution of feed crops and residues to the total feed in these systems is much higher than in pastoral systems.
 
The required feed crop production per animal is calculated from feed rations, and this information is incorporated into the agro-economic model ([[Agricultural economy and forestry
]]). The proportion of grass in feed rations determines total grass consumption, which is used to compute the grassland area per world region, based on grazing intensity ([[Agricultural economy and forestry]] and [[Agricultural systems]]).
 
==Scenario definition==
A scenario includes assumptions on milk production per animal for dairy cattle, carcass weight and off-take rate for beef cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep and goats, and feed conversion rates (FCR) for pigs, poultry, sheep and goats. The changes in these parameters are generally based on the scenario, and on the economic growth scenario.
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Revision as of 17:03, 5 May 2014

link to framework components overview

Parts of Livestock systems/Description

  1. Introduction page
  2. Model description
  3. Policy issues
  4. Data, uncertainty and limitations
  5. Overview of references
Component is implemented in:
Components:
Related IMAGE components
Projects/Applications
Models/Databases
Key publications
References
Livestock systems module in IMAGE 3.0
Flowchart Livestock systems. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.

Model description of Livestock systems

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