Atmospheric composition and climate/Description: Difference between revisions
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===Atmospheric energy balance=== | ===Atmospheric energy balance=== | ||
Change in atmospheric gas concentrations also changes the amount of radiation absorbed or transmitted by the atmosphere, and thus changes the earth’s energy balance and temperature. The energy balance change is expressed as radiative forcing per gas, measured in W/ | Change in atmospheric gas concentrations also changes the amount of radiation absorbed or transmitted by the atmosphere, and thus changes the earth’s energy balance and temperature. The energy balance change is expressed as radiative forcing per gas, measured in W/m<sup>2</sup>. In MAGICC, concentrations of long-lived greenhouse gases are translated into radiative forcing values using radiative efficiency estimates from the IPCC ([[Myhre et al., 2013]]), and radiative forcing of tropospheric ozone is calculated based on ozone sensitivity factors from MAGICC6.0 ([[Meinshausen et al., 2011a]]; [[Meinshausen et al., 2011b]]). | ||
However, other processes also lead to changes in the atmospheric energy balance, which are also modelled and assigned a radiative forcing value. Aerosols, such as SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>, and organic carbon, have a direct cooling effect by reflecting more radiation back into space (direct aerosol effect). They also interact with clouds and precipitation in many ways (indirect aerosol effect); this cloud feedback is the largest source of uncertainty in estimating climate sensitivity ([[Denman et al., 2007]]). Although also an aerosol, black carbon has a strong direct warming effect ([[WMO/UNEP, 2013]]). | However, other processes also lead to changes in the atmospheric energy balance, which are also modelled and assigned a radiative forcing value. Aerosols, such as SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>x</sub>, and organic carbon, have a direct cooling effect by reflecting more radiation back into space (direct aerosol effect). They also interact with clouds and precipitation in many ways (indirect aerosol effect); this cloud feedback is the largest source of uncertainty in estimating climate sensitivity ([[Denman et al., 2007]]). Although also an aerosol, black carbon has a strong direct warming effect ([[WMO/UNEP, 2013]]). | ||
Revision as of 10:41, 1 July 2014
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