Emissions/Description: Difference between revisions
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:The emission factors are time-dependent, representing changes in technology and air pollution control and climate mitigation policies. | :The emission factors are time-dependent, representing changes in technology and air pollution control and climate mitigation policies. | ||
:The emission factor is used to calculate energy and industry emissions, and agriculture, waste and land-use related emissions. Following Equation | :The emission factor is used to calculate energy and industry emissions, and agriculture, waste and land-use related emissions. Following Equation 1, there is a direct relationship between level of economic activity and emission level. Shifts in economic activity (e.g., use of natural gas instead of coal) may influence total emissions. Finally, emissions can change as a result of changes in emission factors (EF) and climate policy (AF). | ||
:Some generic rules are used in describing changes in emissions over time (see further). The abatement factor (AF) is determined in the climate policy model FAIR (see Component [[Climate policy]]). The emission factor approach has some limitations, the most important of which is capturing the consequences of specific emission control technology (or management action) for multiple gas species, either synergies or trade-offs. | :Some generic rules are used in describing changes in emissions over time (see further). The abatement factor (AF) is determined in the climate policy model FAIR (see Component [[Climate policy]]). The emission factor approach has some limitations, the most important of which is capturing the consequences of specific emission control technology (or management action) for multiple gas species, either synergies or trade-offs. | ||
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===Emissions from energy production and use=== | ===Emissions from energy production and use=== | ||
Emission factors (Equation 1) are used for estimating emissions from the energy-related sources ([[Emission table]]). In general, the Tier 1 approach from IPCC guidelines ([[IPCC, 2006]]) is used. In the energy system, emissions are calculated by multiplying energy use fluxes by time-dependent emission factors. Changes in emission factors represent, for example, technology improvements and end-of-pipe control techniques, fuel emission standards for transport, and clean-coal technologies in industry. | Emission factors ([[#General approaches|Equation 1]]) are used for estimating emissions from the energy-related sources ([[Emission table]]). In general, the Tier 1 approach from IPCC guidelines ([[IPCC, 2006]]) is used. In the energy system, emissions are calculated by multiplying energy use fluxes by time-dependent emission factors. Changes in emission factors represent, for example, technology improvements and end-of-pipe control techniques, fuel emission standards for transport, and clean-coal technologies in industry. | ||
The emission factors for the historical period for the energy system and industrial processes are calibrated with the EDGAR emission model described by Braspenning Radu et al. ([[Braspenning Radu et al., in preparation|in preparation]]). Calibration to the EDGAR database is not always straightforward because of differences in aggregation level. The general rule is to use weighted average emission factors for aggregation. However, where this results in incomprehensible emission factors (in particular, large differences between the emission factors for the underlying technologies), specific emission factors were chosen. | The emission factors for the historical period for the energy system and industrial processes are calibrated with the EDGAR emission model described by Braspenning Radu et al. ([[Braspenning Radu et al., in preparation|in preparation]]). Calibration to the EDGAR database is not always straightforward because of differences in aggregation level. The general rule is to use weighted average emission factors for aggregation. However, where this results in incomprehensible emission factors (in particular, large differences between the emission factors for the underlying technologies), specific emission factors were chosen. | ||
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Land-use related emissions of NH3, N2O and NO are calculated withgrid-specific models.N2O from soils under natural vegetation is calculated with the model developed by Bouwman et al. (1993). This regression model is based on temperature, a proxy for soil carbon input, soil water and oxygen status, and for net primary production. Ammonia emissions from natural vegetation are calculated from net primary production, C:N ratio and an emission factor. The model accounts for in-canopy retention of the emitted NH3 ([[Bouwman et al., 1997]]). | Land-use related emissions of NH3, N2O and NO are calculated withgrid-specific models.N2O from soils under natural vegetation is calculated with the model developed by Bouwman et al. (1993). This regression model is based on temperature, a proxy for soil carbon input, soil water and oxygen status, and for net primary production. Ammonia emissions from natural vegetation are calculated from net primary production, C:N ratio and an emission factor. The model accounts for in-canopy retention of the emitted NH3 ([[Bouwman et al., 1997]]). | ||
For N2O emissions from agriculture, the determining factors in IMAGE are N application rate, climate type, soil organic carbon content, soil texture, drainage, soil pH, crop type, and fertiliser type. The main factors used to calculate NO emissions include N application rate per fertiliser type, and soil organic carbon content and soil drainage (for detailed description, see Bouwman et al. ([[Bouwman et al., 2002a|2002a]] | For N2O emissions from agriculture, the determining factors in IMAGE are N application rate, climate type, soil organic carbon content, soil texture, drainage, soil pH, crop type, and fertiliser type. The main factors used to calculate NO emissions include N application rate per fertiliser type, and soil organic carbon content and soil drainage (for detailed description, see Bouwman et al. ([[Bouwman et al., 2002a|2002a]]). For NH3 emissions from fertilised cropland and grassland, the factors used in IMAGE are crop type, fertiliser application rate per type and application mode, temperature, soil pH, and CEC ([[Bouwman et al., 2002a]]). | ||
For comparison with other models, IMAGE also includes the N2O methodology proposed by IPCC ([[IPCC, 2006|2006]]). This methodology represents only anthropogenic emissions. For emissions from fertilizer fields this is the emission from a fertilized plot minus that from a control plot with zero fertilizer application. For this reason, soil emissions calculated with this methodology cannot be compared with the above model approaches, which yields total N2O emissions. | For comparison with other models, IMAGE also includes the N2O methodology proposed by IPCC ([[IPCC, 2006|2006]]). This methodology represents only anthropogenic emissions. For emissions from fertilizer fields this is the emission from a fertilized plot minus that from a control plot with zero fertilizer application. For this reason, soil emissions calculated with this methodology cannot be compared with the above model approaches, which yields total N2O emissions. | ||
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Revision as of 10:21, 21 May 2014
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