Energy conversion/Description: Difference between revisions
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|Reference=Hoogwijk, 2004; Van Vuuren, 2007; Hendriks et al., 2004b; Van Ruijven et al., 2007; Ueckerdt et al., 2016; Gernaat et al., 2014; Koberle et al., 2015; De Boer and Van Vuuren, under review; | |Reference=Hoogwijk, 2004; Van Vuuren, 2007; Hendriks et al., 2004b; Van Ruijven et al., 2007; Ueckerdt et al., 2016; Gernaat et al., 2014; Koberle et al., 2015; De Boer and Van Vuuren, under review; | ||
|Description=[[TIMER model|TIMER]] includes two main energy conversion modules: Electric power generation and hydrogen generation. Below, electric power generation is described in detail. In addition, the key characteristics of the hydrogen generation model, which follows a similar structure, are presented. | |Description=[[TIMER model|TIMER]] includes two main energy conversion modules: Electric power generation and hydrogen generation. Below, electric power generation is described in detail. In addition, the key characteristics of the hydrogen generation model, which follows a similar structure, are presented. | ||
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The standard costs of each option can be broken down into several categories: investment or capital cost; fuel cost; fixed and variable operational and maintenance costs; construction costs; and carbon capture and storage costs. | The standard costs of each option can be broken down into several categories: investment or capital cost; fuel cost; fixed and variable operational and maintenance costs; construction costs; and carbon capture and storage costs. | ||
* The capital costs of VRE and nuclear power develop as a result of endogenous learning mechanisms explained [[Energy supply and demand/Technical learning|here]]. The capital cost development of other technologies is exogenously determined | * The capital costs of VRE and nuclear power develop as a result of endogenous learning mechanisms explained [[Energy supply and demand/Technical learning|here]]. The capital cost development of other technologies is exogenously determined. | ||
* Fuel cost result from the supply modules described [[Energy supply|here]] | * Fuel cost result from the supply modules described [[Energy supply|here]]. | ||
* Fixed and variable operation and maintenance costs are exogenously prescribed | * Fixed and variable operation and maintenance costs are exogenously prescribed. | ||
* Construction costs result from interest paid during construction. Construction times vary among the technologies | * Construction costs result from interest paid during construction. Construction times vary among the technologies. | ||
* More information on carbon capture and storage cost can be found [[Carbon capture and storage|here]] | * More information on carbon capture and storage cost can be found [[Carbon capture and storage|here]]. | ||
Also, additional costs are distinguished: backup costs; curtailment costs; VRE load factor decline; storage costs; and transmission and distribution costs. | Also, additional costs are distinguished: backup costs; curtailment costs; VRE load factor decline; storage costs; and transmission and distribution costs. | ||
* Backup costs have been added to represent the additional costs required in order to meet the capacity and energy production requirements of a load band. Backup costs are higher for technologies with low capacity credits. Backup costs include all standard cost components for the chosen backup technology | * Backup costs have been added to represent the additional costs required in order to meet the capacity and energy production requirements of a load band. Backup costs are higher for technologies with low capacity credits. Backup costs include all standard cost components for the chosen backup technology. | ||
* Curtailment costs are only relevant for VRE technologies and CHP. Curtailments occur when the supply exceeds the demand. The degree to which curtailment occurs depends on VRE share, storage use and the regional correlation between electricity demand and VRE or CHP supply. Curtailment influences the LCOE by reducing the potential amount of electricity that could be generated | * Curtailment costs are only relevant for VRE technologies and CHP. Curtailments occur when the supply exceeds the demand. The degree to which curtailment occurs depends on VRE share, storage use and the regional correlation between electricity demand and VRE or CHP supply. Curtailment influences the LCOE by reducing the potential amount of electricity that could be generated. | ||
* Load factor reduction results from the utilisation of VRE sites with less favourable environmental conditions, such as lower wind speeds or less solar irradiation. This results in a lower potential load influencing the LCOE by reducing the potential electricity generation. The development of load factor reduction is captured in cost supply curves. For more information on the TIMER cost supply curves see: Hoogwijk ([[Hoogwijk, 2004|2004]]), Gernaat et al., ([[Gernaat et al., 2014|2014]]) and Koberle et al., ([[Koberle et al., 2015|2015]]). | * Load factor reduction results from the utilisation of VRE sites with less favourable environmental conditions, such as lower wind speeds or less solar irradiation. This results in a lower potential load influencing the LCOE by reducing the potential electricity generation. The development of load factor reduction is captured in cost supply curves. For more information on the TIMER cost supply curves see: Hoogwijk ([[Hoogwijk, 2004|2004]]), Gernaat et al., ([[Gernaat et al., 2014|2014]]) and Koberle et al., ([[Koberle et al., 2015|2015]]). | ||
* Storage use has been optimised in the RLDC data set. For more information on storage use, see Ueckerdt et al. (n.d.) | * Storage use has been optimised in the RLDC data set. For more information on storage use, see Ueckerdt et al. (n.d.). | ||
* Transmission and distribution costs are simulated by adding a fixed relationship between the amount of capacity and the required amount of transmission and distribution capital. VRE cost supply curves contain additional transmission costs resulting from distance between VRE potential and demand centres | * Transmission and distribution costs are simulated by adding a fixed relationship between the amount of capacity and the required amount of transmission and distribution capital. VRE cost supply curves contain additional transmission costs resulting from distance between VRE potential and demand centres. | ||
The exceptions are hydropower, other renewables and CHP. Hydropower and other renewables are exogenously prescribed, because of a lack of available data or because technologies like large hydropower plants often have additional functions such as water supply and flood control. The demand for CHP capacity is heat demand driven. | The exceptions are hydropower, other renewables and CHP. Hydropower and other renewables are exogenously prescribed, because of a lack of available data or because technologies like large hydropower plants often have additional functions such as water supply and flood control. The demand for CHP capacity is heat demand driven. | ||
Revision as of 15:29, 6 November 2016
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