Energy conversion/Description: Difference between revisions

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==Electric power generation==
==Electric power generation==
As shown in the flowchart, two key elements of the electric power generation are the investment strategy and the operational strategy in the sector. A challenge in simulating electricity production in an aggregated model is that in reality electricity production depends on a range of complex factors, related to costs, reliance, and the time required to switch on technologies. Modelling these factors requires a high level of detail and thus {{AbbrTemplate|IAM}}s such as [[TIMER model|TIMER]] concentrate on introducing a set of simplified, meta relationships ([[Hoogwijk, 2004]]; [[Van Vuuren, 2007]]).
As shown in the flowchart, two key elements of the electric power generation are the investment strategy and the operational strategy in the sector. A challenge in simulating electricity production in an aggregated model is that in reality electricity production depends on a range of complex factors, related to costs, reliance, and the time required to switch on technologies. Modelling these factors requires a high level of detail and thus {{AbbrTemplate|IAM}}s) such as [[TIMER model|TIMER]] concentrate on introducing a set of simplified, meta relationships ([[Hoogwijk, 2004]]; [[Van Vuuren, 2007]]).


===Total demand for new capacity===
===Total demand for new capacity===
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===Fossil-fuel and bio-energy power plants===
===Fossil-fuel and bio-energy power plants===
A total of 20 types of power plants generating electricity using fossil fuels and bioenergy are included. These power plants represent different combinations of conventional technology, such as gasification and combined cycle (CC) technology; combined heat and power (CHP); and carbon capture and storage ({{AbbrTemplate|CSS}};(Hendriks et al., 2004b). The specific capital costs and thermal efficiencies of these types of plants are determined by exogenous assumptions that describe the technological progress of typical components of these plants:
A total of 20 types of power plants generating electricity using fossil fuels and bioenergy are included. These power plants represent different combinations of conventional technology, such as gasification and combined cycle (CC) technology; combined heat and power (CHP); and carbon capture and storage ([[CCS]];([[Hendriks et al., 2004b]]). The specific capital costs and thermal efficiencies of these types of plants are determined by exogenous assumptions that describe the technological progress of typical components of these plants:
*For conventional power plants, the coal-fired plant is defined in terms of overall efficiency and investment cost. The characteristics of all other conventional plants (using oil, natural gas or bioenergy) are described in the investment differences for desulphurisation, fuel handling and efficiency.
*For conventional power plants, the coal-fired plant is defined in terms of overall efficiency and investment cost. The characteristics of all other conventional plants (using oil, natural gas or bioenergy) are described in the investment differences for desulphurisation, fuel handling and efficiency.
*For Combined Cycle (CC) power plants, the characteristics of a natural gas fired plant are set as the standard. Other CC plants (fuelled by oil, bioenergy and coal after gasification) are defined by indicating additional capital costs for gasification, efficiency losses due to gasification, and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs for fuel handling.  
*For Combined Cycle (CC) power plants, the characteristics of a natural gas fired plant are set as the standard. Other CC plants (fuelled by oil, bioenergy and coal after gasification) are defined by indicating additional capital costs for gasification, efficiency losses due to gasification, and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs for fuel handling.  
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===Solar and wind power===
===Solar and wind power===


The costs of solar and wind power in the model are determined by learning and depletion dynamics. For renewable energy, costs relate to capital, O&M and system integration. The capital costs mostly relate to learning and depletion processes. Learning is represented by in learning curves (see flowchart on the right); depletion is by long-term in cost–supply curves.  
The costs of solar and wind power in the model are determined by learning and depletion dynamics. For renewable energy, costs relate to capital, O&M and system integration. The capital costs mostly relate to learning and depletion processes. Learning is represented by in learning curves (Box 4.1.3.1); depletion is by long-term in cost–supply curves.  


The additional system integration costs relate to curtailed electricity (if production exceeds demand and the overcapacity cannot be used within the system), backup capacity; and additional required spinning reserve. The last items are needed to avoid loss of power if the supply of wind or solar power drops suddenly, enabling a power scale up in a relatively short time, in power stations operating below maximum capacity ([[Hoogwijk, 2004]]).
The additional system integration costs relate to curtailed electricity (if production exceeds demand and the overcapacity cannot be used within the system), backup capacity; and additional required spinning reserve. The last items are needed to avoid loss of power if the supply of wind or solar power drops suddenly, enabling a power scale up in a relatively short time, in power stations operating below maximum capacity ([[Hoogwijk, 2004]]).
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The required spinning reserve of the power system is the capacity that can be used to respond to a rapid increase in demand. This is assumed to be 3.5% of the installed capacity of a conventional power plant. If wind and solar power further penetrate the market, the model assumes an additional, required spinning reserve of 15% of the intermittent capacity (after subtraction of the 3.5% existing capacity). The related costs are allocated to the intermittent source.
The required spinning reserve of the power system is the capacity that can be used to respond to a rapid increase in demand. This is assumed to be 3.5% of the installed capacity of a conventional power plant. If wind and solar power further penetrate the market, the model assumes an additional, required spinning reserve of 15% of the intermittent capacity (after subtraction of the 3.5% existing capacity). The related costs are allocated to the intermittent source.
{{FormulaAndTableTemplate|Formula1_ED}}


==Nuclear power==
==Nuclear power==
For nuclear power, the costs also consists of capital, O&M and nuclear fuel costs. Similar to the renewable energy options, technology improvement nuclear power is described via a learning curve (so costs decrease with cumulative installed capacity). At the same time, fuel costs increase as a function of depletion. Fuel costs are determined on the basis of the estimated extraction costs of uranium and thorium resources, as is described in the component [[Energy supply]]. A small trade model for these fission fuels is included.
The costs of nuclear power also include capital, O&M and nuclear fuel costs. Similar to the renewable energy options, technology improvement in nuclear power is described via a learning curve (costs decrease with cumulative installed capacity). Fuel costs increase as a function of depletion. Fuel costs are determined on the basis of the estimated extraction costs for uranium and thorium resources, see [[Energy Supply]]. A small trade model for these fission fuels is included..


==Hydrogen generation model==
==Hydrogen generation model==
The structure of the hydrogen model is similar to that of the electric power model ([[Van Ruijven et al., 2007]]). There are, however, some important differences:
The structure of the hydrogen generation submodule is similar to that for electric power generation ([[Van Ruijven et al., 2007]]) but with following differences:
*The hydrogen model distinguishes the following 11 supply options: hydrogen production plants on the basis of coal, oil, natural gas and bio-energy, with and  
*There are only eleven supply options for hydrogen production coal, oil, natural gas and bioenergy, with and without carbon capture and storage (8 plants); hydrogen production from electrolysis, direct hydrogen production from solar thermal processes; and small methane reform plants.  
without carbon capture and storage (8 plants), hydrogen production from electrolysis, direct hydrogen production from solar thermal processes, and, finally, small methane reform plants.  
*No description of preferences for different power plants is taken into account in the operational strategy. The load factor for each option equals the total production divided by the capacity for each region.
*For simplification, no description of preferences for different power plants is accounted for in the operational strategy. In other words, the load factor for each option equals the total production divided by the capacity for each region.
*Intermittence does not play an important role because hydrogen can be stored to some degree. Thus, there are no equations simulating system integration.
*Intermittence does not play an important role, as hydrogen can be stored to some degree. Therefore, there are no equations simulating system integration.
*Hydrogen can be traded. A trade model is added, similar to those for fossil fuels described in [[Energy Supply]].
*Hydrogen can be traded. Therefore, a trade model is added, similar to the trade models for fossil fuels, as is described in the [[Energy supply]] section.
 
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}}
s such as [[TIMER model|TIMER]] concentrate on introducing a set of simplified, meta relationships ([[Hoogwijk, 2004]]; [[Van Vuuren, 2007]]).


===Total demand for new capacity===
===Total demand for new capacity===
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The required spinning reserve of the power system is the capacity that can be used to respond to a rapid increase in demand. This is assumed to be 3.5% of the installed capacity of a conventional power plant. If wind and solar power further penetrate the market, the model assumes an additional, required spinning reserve of 15% of the intermittent capacity (after subtraction of the 3.5% existing capacity). The related costs are allocated to the intermittent source.
The required spinning reserve of the power system is the capacity that can be used to respond to a rapid increase in demand. This is assumed to be 3.5% of the installed capacity of a conventional power plant. If wind and solar power further penetrate the market, the model assumes an additional, required spinning reserve of 15% of the intermittent capacity (after subtraction of the 3.5% existing capacity). The related costs are allocated to the intermittent source.
{{FormulaAndTableTemplate|Formula1_ED}}
The costs of solar and wind power are the model determined by learning and depletion dynamics. For renewable energy, costs relate to capital, O&M and system integration. The capital costs mostly relate to [[Energy conversion/Description/Technical learning|learning]] and depletion processes (learning is represented by so-called learning curves; depletion is represented by long-term cost–supply curves).
The additional system integration costs relate to
# Discarded electricity in cases where production exceeds demand and the overcapacity cannot be used within the system;
# Back-up capacity;
# Additional required spinning reserve;
The two last items are needed to avoid loss of power if the supply of wind or solar power suddenly drops, enabling a power scale up in a relatively short time, in power stations operating below maximum capacity ([[Hoogwijk, 2004]]).
*To determine discarded electricity, the model makes a comparison between 10 different points on the load-demand curve, at the overlap between demand and supply. For both wind and solar power,  a typical load–supply curve is assumed (see [[Hoogwijk, 2004]]). If supply exceeds demand, the overcapacity in electricity is assumed to be discarded, resulting in higher production costs.
*Because wind and solar power supply is intermittent (i.e. it varies and therefore is not reliable), the model assumes that so-called back-up capacity needs to be installed. For the first 5% penetration of the intermittent capacity, it is assumed that no-back is required. However, for higher levels of penetration, the effective capacity (i.e. degree to which operators can rely on plants producing at a particular moment in time) of intermittent resources is assumed to decrease (referred to as the capacity factor). This decrease leads to the need of back-up power(by low-cost options, such as gas turbines), the costs of which are allocated to the intermittent source.
*The required spinning reserve of the power system (capacity that can be used to respond to a rapid increase in demand) is assumed to be 3.5% of the installed capacity of a conventional power plant. If wind and solar power further penetrate the market, the model assumes an additional, required spinning reserve of 15% of the intermittent capacity (but after first subtracting the 3.5% existing capacity). The related costs are allocated to the intermittent source.


==Nuclear power==
==Nuclear power==

Revision as of 18:36, 8 May 2014

Link to framework components overview

Parts of Energy conversion/Description

  1. Introduction page
  2. Model description
  3. Policy issues
  4. Data, uncertainty and limitations
  5. Overview of references
    6. Additional info
  6. Carbon capture and storage
  7. Grid and infrastructure
  8. Technical learning
Component is implemented in:
Aggregated component:Components:
Related IMAGE components
Projects/Applications
Models/Databases
Key publications
References
TIMER model, electricity module
Flowchart Energy conversion. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.

Model description of Energy conversion

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