Emissions/Description: Difference between revisions
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|Reference=IPCC, 2006; Cofala et al., 2002; Stern, 2003; Smith et al., 2005; Van Ruijven et al., 2008; Carson, 2010; Smith et al., 2011; Bouwman et al., 1993; Velders et al., 2009; Kreileman and Bouwman, 1994; Bouwman et al., 1997; Bouwman et al., 2002a; | |Reference=IPCC, 2006; Cofala et al., 2002; Stern, 2003; Smith et al., 2005; Van Ruijven et al., 2008; Carson, 2010; Smith et al., 2011; Bouwman et al., 1993; Velders et al., 2009; Kreileman and Bouwman, 1994; Bouwman et al., 1997; Bouwman et al., 2002a; | ||
|Description====General approaches=== | |Description====General approaches=== | ||
Air pollution emission sources included in IMAGE are listed in [[Emission table]], and emissions transported in water (nitrate, phosphorus) are discussed in [[ | Air pollution emission sources included in IMAGE are listed in [[Emission table]], and emissions transported in water (nitrate, phosphorus) are discussed in Component [[Nutrients]]. In approach and spatial detail, gaseous emissions are represented in IMAGE in four ways: | ||
1) ''World number (W)'' | 1) ''World number (W)'' | ||
The simplest way to estimate emissions in IMAGE is to use global estimates from the literature. This approach is used for natural sources that cannot be modelled explicitly ([[Emission table]]). | :The simplest way to estimate emissions in IMAGE is to use global estimates from the literature. This approach is used for natural sources that cannot be modelled explicitly ([[Emission table]]). | ||
2) ''Emission factor (EF)'' | 2) ''Emission factor (EF)'' | ||
Past and future developments in anthropogenic emissions are estimated on the basis of projected changes in activity and emissions per unit of activity (Figure Flowchart). | :Past and future developments in anthropogenic emissions are estimated on the basis of projected changes in activity and emissions per unit of activity (Figure Flowchart). | ||
The equation for this emission factor approach is: | |||
:The equation for this emission factor approach is: | |||
::Emission = Activity<sub>r,i</sub> * EF-base<sub>r,i</sub> * AF <sub>r,i</sub> | ::Emission = Activity<sub>r,i</sub> * EF-base<sub>r,i</sub> * AF <sub>r,i</sub> | ||
where: | where: | ||
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* EF-base is the emission factor in the baseline; | * EF-base is the emission factor in the baseline; | ||
* AF is the abatement factor (reduction in the baseline emission factor as a result of climate policy). | * AF is the abatement factor (reduction in the baseline emission factor as a result of climate policy). | ||
The emission factors are time-dependent, representing changes in technology and air pollution control and climate mitigation policies. | :The emission factors are time-dependent, representing changes in technology and air pollution control and climate mitigation policies. | ||
The emission factor is used to calculate energy and industry emissions, and agriculture, waste and land-use related emissions. Following Equation 5.2.1, there is a direct relationship between level of economic activity and emission level. Shifts in economic activity (e.g., use of natural gas instead of coal) may influence total emissions. Finally, emissions can change as a result of changes in emission factors (EF) and climate policy (AF). | |||
Some generic rules are used in describing changes in emissions over time (see further). The abatement factor (AF) is determined in the climate policy model FAIR (see Component [[Climate policy]]). The emission factor approach has some limitations, the most important of which is capturing the consequences of specific emission control technology (or management action) for multiple gas species, either synergies or trade-offs. | :The emission factor is used to calculate energy and industry emissions, and agriculture, waste and land-use related emissions. Following Equation 5.2.1, there is a direct relationship between level of economic activity and emission level. Shifts in economic activity (e.g., use of natural gas instead of coal) may influence total emissions. Finally, emissions can change as a result of changes in emission factors (EF) and climate policy (AF). | ||
:Some generic rules are used in describing changes in emissions over time (see further). The abatement factor (AF) is determined in the climate policy model FAIR (see Component [[Climate policy]]). The emission factor approach has some limitations, the most important of which is capturing the consequences of specific emission control technology (or management action) for multiple gas species, either synergies or trade-offs. | |||
3) ''Gridded emission factor with spatial distribution (GEF)'' | 3) ''Gridded emission factor with spatial distribution (GEF)'' | ||
GEF is a special case of the EF method, where a proxy distribution is used to present gridded emissions. This is done for a number of sources, such as emissions from livestock ([[Emission table]]). | :GEF is a special case of the EF method, where a proxy distribution is used to present gridded emissions. This is done for a number of sources, such as emissions from livestock ([[Emission table]]). | ||
4) ''Gridded process model (GPM)'' | 4) ''Gridded process model (GPM)'' | ||
Land-use related emissions of NH3, N2O and NO are calculated with grid-specific models (Figure 5.2.1). The models included in IMAGE are simple regression models that generate an emission factor (Figure 5.2.1). For comparison with other models, IMAGE also includes the N2O methodology generally proposed by IPCC (IPCC, 2006). | :Land-use related emissions of NH3, N2O and NO are calculated with grid-specific models (Figure 5.2.1). The models included in IMAGE are simple regression models that generate an emission factor (Figure 5.2.1). For comparison with other models, IMAGE also includes the N2O methodology generally proposed by IPCC (IPCC, 2006). | ||
The approaches used to calculate emissions from energy production and use, industrial processes and land-use related sources are discussed in more detail below. | The approaches used to calculate emissions from energy production and use, industrial processes and land-use related sources are discussed in more detail below. | ||
Revision as of 08:53, 21 May 2014
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