Nutrients: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
m (Text replace - "Bouwman et al., 2011" to "Bouwman et al., 2013b") |
||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
|IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Agricultural economy and forestry; Agricultural systems; Agriculture and land use; Aquatic biodiversity; Emissions; Land cover and use; Livestock; | |IMAGEComponent=Scenario drivers; Agricultural economy and forestry; Agricultural systems; Agriculture and land use; Aquatic biodiversity; Emissions; Land cover and use; Livestock; | ||
|KeyReference=Bouwman et al., 2013; Bouwman et al., 2009; Van Drecht et al., 2009; Morée et al., 2013; | |KeyReference=Bouwman et al., 2013; Bouwman et al., 2009; Van Drecht et al., 2009; Morée et al., 2013; | ||
|Reference=Bouwman et al., | |Reference=Bouwman et al., 2013b; Galloway et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2010; Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008; UNEP, 2002; Rabalais, 2002; | ||
|InputVar=Population; GDP per capita; Land cover, land use - grid; Fertilizer use efficiency; Animal stock; Livestock ration; Manure spreading fraction; Nitrogen deposition - grid; NH3 loss; Fraction of urban population; Actual crop and grass production - grid; | |InputVar=Population; GDP per capita; Land cover, land use - grid; Fertilizer use efficiency; Animal stock; Livestock ration; Manure spreading fraction; Nitrogen deposition - grid; NH3 loss; Fraction of urban population; Actual crop and grass production - grid; | ||
|OutputVar=NH3 emission - grid; N and P discharge to surface water; Nutrient discharge to water surface; Soil N budget - grid; Soil P budget - grid; | |OutputVar=NH3 emission - grid; N and P discharge to surface water; Nutrient discharge to water surface; Soil N budget - grid; Soil P budget - grid; | ||
|Parameter=Fraction NH3 loss; | |Parameter=Fraction NH3 loss; | ||
|Description=Human activity has accelerated the Earth’s biogeochemical nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles through increasing fertiliser use in agriculture ([[Bouwman et al., | |Description=Human activity has accelerated the Earth’s biogeochemical nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles through increasing fertiliser use in agriculture ([[Bouwman et al., 2013b]]). Increased use of N and P fertilisers has raised food production to support the rapidly growing world population, and increasing per capita consumption particularly of meat and milk ([[Galloway et al., 2004]]). Increased fertiliser use has contributed to ongoing increases in crop yields. | ||
A side effect is that significant proportions of the mobilised N are lost through ambient emissions of ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO). Ammonia contributes to eutrophication and acidification when deposited on land. Nitric oxide plays a role in tropospheric ozone chemistry, and nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas. Moreover, large proportions of mobilised N and P in watersheds enter the groundwater through leaching, and are released to surface waters through groundwater transport and surface runoff. Subsequently, nutrients in streams and rivers are transported to coastal marine systems, reduced by retention but augmented by releases from point sources, such as sewerage systems and industrial facilities. | A side effect is that significant proportions of the mobilised N are lost through ambient emissions of ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO). Ammonia contributes to eutrophication and acidification when deposited on land. Nitric oxide plays a role in tropospheric ozone chemistry, and nitrous oxide is a potent greenhouse gas. Moreover, large proportions of mobilised N and P in watersheds enter the groundwater through leaching, and are released to surface waters through groundwater transport and surface runoff. Subsequently, nutrients in streams and rivers are transported to coastal marine systems, reduced by retention but augmented by releases from point sources, such as sewerage systems and industrial facilities. | ||
This has resulted in negative impacts on human health and the environment, such as groundwater pollution, loss of habitat and biodiversity, an increases in the frequency and severity of harmful algal blooms, eutrophication, hypoxia and fish kills ([[Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008]]; [[Zhang et al., 2010]]). The harmful effects of eutrophication have spread rapidly around the world, with large-scale implications for biodiversity, water quality, fisheries and recreation, in both industrialised and developing regions ([[UNEP, 2002]]). Input of nutrients in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems, also disturbs the stoichiometric balance of N, P and silica (Si) ([[Rabalais, 2002]]) affecting total plant production and the species composition in ecosystems. | This has resulted in negative impacts on human health and the environment, such as groundwater pollution, loss of habitat and biodiversity, an increases in the frequency and severity of harmful algal blooms, eutrophication, hypoxia and fish kills ([[Diaz and Rosenberg, 2008]]; [[Zhang et al., 2010]]). The harmful effects of eutrophication have spread rapidly around the world, with large-scale implications for biodiversity, water quality, fisheries and recreation, in both industrialised and developing regions ([[UNEP, 2002]]). Input of nutrients in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems, also disturbs the stoichiometric balance of N, P and silica (Si) ([[Rabalais, 2002]]) affecting total plant production and the species composition in ecosystems. | ||
Revision as of 15:30, 12 February 2014
| Component is implemented in: |
| Components: |
| Related IMAGE components |
| Projects/Applications |
| Key publications |
| References |
Key policy issues
- How will the increasing use of fertilisers affect terrestrial and marine ecosystems, with possible consequences for human health?
- To what extent can the negative impacts be reduced by more efficient nutrient management and wastewater treatment, while retaining the positive effects on food production and land productivity?