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This is a property of type Text.
A
The AD-RICE model estimates damage and adaptation costs resulting from the damage of climate change. Total damage costs are the sum of adaptation costs and residual damage costs (unavoided damage). +
The IPCC Data Distribution Centre provides climate, socio-economic and environmental data, both from the past and also in scenarios projected into the future. Technical guidelines on the selection and use of different types of data and scenarios in research and assessment are also provided +
Percentage of the population with sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. +
Accessibility expressed as travel time. +
Actual crop and grass production on agricultural land, based on potential yield and management intensity +
Costs for adaptation measures to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems to actual or expected climate change effects. +
Level of adaptation to climate change , defined as the share of climate change damage avoided by adaptation. This level is be calculated by the model to minimise adaptation costs and residual damage, or set by the user. +
Increasing forest area to sequester CO<sub>2</sub> in biomass which helps to achieve stringent climate targets. +
Total area for crop production (annual and perennial) and intensive grassland. +
Suitability of land in a grid cell for agriculture and forestry, as a function of accessibility, population density, slope and potential crop yields. +
Changes in agricultural trade policies are applied to the corresponding quota (export or import quota) or border taxes. +
Air pollution policies set to reach emission reduction targets, represented in the model in the form of energy carrier and sector specific emission factors. +
Harmful algal blooms in lakes caused by cyanobacteria, producing toxins harmful to humans and animals. +
All baseline figures from IMAGE framework +
All flowcharts from IMAGE framework +
All Policy intervention figures from IMAGE framework +
List of all references in citation format +
All references are listed in table format. Use the column headers to sort the set. Purpose is lookup a reference. +
Alterra is the research institute for our green living environment. We offer a combination of practical and scientific research in a multitude of disciplines related to the green world around us and the sustainable use of our living environment: Flora and fauna, soil, water, the environment, geo-information and remote sensing, landscape and spatial planning, man and society. These are just a few of the numerous aspects of our green environment that Alterra focuses on. Alterra is part of the Wageningen University and Research Centre (Wageningen UR). +
Effective production of livestock commodities per animal per year. +
Number of animals per category: non-dairy cattle; dairy cattle; pigs; sheep and goats; poultry. +
IMAGE has been used for a variety of purposes and studies as shown in the following projects/ studies/ applications. The set is grouped by application/project purpose. +
Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour). +
Relative Mean Species Abundance of original species in lakes, rivers and wetlands. +
Here comes description +
B
Emissions of BC, OC and NO<sub>x</sub> per year. +
The average abundance across a set of species in each area relative to their reference population, which would be populations before any humans impacts but are usually populations in the least impacted settings available +
Area of bioenergy crop production, in model setting where sustainability criteria require that the area for bioenergy crops is not included in the agricultural production area (to avoid competition between bioenergy and food). +
Total bioenergy production. +
Policies to foster the use of biofuels in transport, such as financial incentives and biofuel mandates and obligations. +
Biomes are groups of plants and animals, often referred as ecosystems. Their spatial distribution on Earth is defined by climatic and geographical conditions defined as contiguous areas with similar climatic conditions. Biomes are often referred to by climatic conditions (such as, tropical, temperate, boreal) and physiological characteristic (such as, grassland, deciduous trees, coniferous trees). +
Urban built-up area per grid cell, excluded from all biophysical modelling in IMAGE, increasing over time as a function of urban population and a country- and scenario-specific urban density curve. +
C
The CEDS project is building a data-driven, open source framework that will produce annually updated emission estimates for research and analysis.
The data system produces emission estimates by country, sector, and fuel with the following characteristics:
◾Annual estimates of anthropogenic emissions (not including open burning) to latest full calendar year over the entire industrial era. Readily updated every year.
◾Emission species: aerosol (BC, OC) and aerosol precursor and reactive compounds (SO2, NOx, NH3, CH4, CO, NMVOC) and CO2 (as reference)
◾State/province spatial detail for large countries – in progress
◾Seasonal cycle (monthly) and aggregate NMVOCs by sector/sub-sector
◾Gridded emissions (up to 0.1°) w/ sub-national resolution for large countries
◾Uncertainty estimated at the same level (country, fuel, sector) – in progress +
The Centre for Ecology & Hydrology is the UK's Centre of Excellence for integrated research in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems and their interaction with the atmosphere. +
CLUMondo specific input. +
Emissions from CO and NMVOC. +
Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. +
CO<sub>2</sub> emission from energy and industry. +
The amount of CO<sub>2</sub> stored in underground reservoirs by applying CO<sub>2</sub> capture technology.. +
Historical climate datasets +
It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen. +
Capital available to replace depreciated stock and expand the stock to support economic growth. +
Carbon biomass in three soil pools (litter, humus and charcoal) and two timber pools (slow decaying, and fast decaying). +
Carbon pools in leaves, stems, branches and roots). +
Carbon price on the international trading market (in USD in 2005 per tonne C-eq) calculated from aggregated regional permit demand and supply curves derived from marginal abatement costs. +
Net carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems and oceans. +
The costs of capturing and storing CO2, affecting the use of CCS technology. +
A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive. +
Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations. +
Change in soil properties, such as clay/sand content, organic carbon content, soil depth (topsoil/subsoil). +