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• Closing the yield gap#EffectOnHuman development  + (Increases food security, thereby reducing … Increases food security, thereby reducing child underweight. This in turn reduces child mortality as lower levels of child underweight result in a lower incidence of diarrhoea and pneumonia and a lower case fatality of malaria, diarrhoea, pneumonia and protein energy deficiencya, pneumonia and protein energy deficiency)
• REDD policies#EffectOnAgricultural economy  + (Increases the cost for land expansion in certain regions, favouring the use of other external inputs to increase production.)
• Increase natural carbon storage#EffectOnEcosystem services  + (Increasing carbon storage will increase the supply of the ES "carbon sequestration" and "erosion prevention")
• Change in grazing intensity#EffectOnLivestock systems  + (Increasing grazing intensity has no consequences for the livestock if not combined with introduction of better breeds)
• Changes in crop and livestock production systems#EffectOnWater  + (Increasing the productivity of crops by co … Increasing the productivity of crops by converting rainfed to irrigated agriculture will have an effect on the irrigation water demand in the region. Extracting more water for irrigation will have an effect on downstream water availability and can increase water stress in the region.d can increase water stress in the region.)
• Increased storage capacity#EffectOnWater  + (Increasing the storage capacity of reservo … Increasing the storage capacity of reservoirs will lead to a reduction in streamflow variability and an increase in the amount of water stored in the river system. In basins that have a very variable flow regime, a storage reservoir can increase the water availability for irrigation during dry periods.ability for irrigation during dry periods.)
• Carbon tax#EffectOnHuman development  + (Induces a transition from carbon intensive … Induces a transition from carbon intensive fuels to carbon low fuels, thereby also lowering outdoor air pollution. Lower air pollution reduces mortality rates through reduced incidence of lung cancer, cardiopulmonary diseases and acute respiratory infections diseases and acute respiratory infections)
• REDD policies#EffectOnEmissions  + (Less emissions due to deforestation and land-use change.)
• Restrictions on fuel trade#EffectOnEnergy conversion  + (Less fuel trade will result in a change in fuel prices and availability. As a result, the amount of conversion capacity can increase or decrease.)
• Restrictions on fuel trade#EffectOnEnergy supply  + (Less fuel trade will result in a change in fuel prices and availability.)
• Enlarge protected areas#EffectOnAquatic biodiversity  + (Lower pressure from agricultural impacts in protected area regions. Outside protected areas this pressure may increase.)
• Capacity targets#EffectOnEnergy conversion  + (Manually changing the generation capacity will result in a transition towards using more or less capacity of the selected generation type.)
• Climate change adaptation#EffectOnClimate policy  + (More adaptation increases adaptation costs, but reduces the damage resulting from climate change.)
• Improving energy efficiency#EffectOnEnergy demand  + (More efficient use of final energy, change in end use technologies, which leads to lower energy demand.)
• Change in grazing intensity#EffectOnLand-use allocation  + (More intensive grassland management decrease the area needed for grassland, while producing the same amount of grass and/or feeding the same size of livestock.)
• Enlarge protected areas#EffectOnTerrestrial biodiversity  + (No pressure from agricultural land use in protected areas. Outside protected areas this pressure may increase.)
• Implementation of biofuel targets#EffectOnAgricultural economy  + (Obligatory biofuel blending increases the … Obligatory biofuel blending increases the demand for biofuel crops, e.g. maize and oil crops, which causes higher prices. Secondly, production will be increased and/or demand for food will decrease, due to these higher prices. Production can be increased by increasing external inputs, labour or land expansion.external inputs, labour or land expansion.)
• Changes in crop and livestock production systems#EffectOnAquatic biodiversity  + (On one hand the increase of productivity increases nutrient leaching to water bodies, on the other hand a smaller agricultural area is needed, reducing the pressures from agriculture.)
• Production targets for energy technologies#EffectOnEnergy conversion  + (Production targets force a conversion technology to convert energy, even though this is not economically attractive. If the learning rate of that technology depends on the amount of converted energy, the learning rate will increase.)
• REDD policies#EffectOnCarbon cycle and natural vegetation  + (REDD measures can substantially reduce the pressure on forests. This increases the extent of natural forests, and the net CO₂ uptake and C pools of forests.)
• Expanding Reduced Impact Logging#EffectOnCarbon cycle and natural vegetation  + (RIL can change the volume of the C pools in the soil and vegetation pools and reduces the human induced land-use change emissions.)
• Expanding Reduced Impact Logging#EffectOnForest management  + (RIL leads to lower loss of biodiversity in forest areas, and it can have impacts on C pools and fluxes as less residues are produced per unit harvested wood product.)
• Afforestation policies#EffectOnAgricultural economy  + (Reduces agricultural land use in regions with cost-optimal afforestation leading to higher food prices, lower food availability and changes in trade.)
• Afforestation policies#EffectOnCarbon cycle and natural vegetation  + (Reduces agricultural land use in regions with cost-optimal afforestation leading to higher food prices, lower food availability and changes in trade.)
• Improve quality of access#EffectOnHuman development  + (Reduces child mortality by lowering the incidence of diarrhoea and pneumonia)

• Increase access to water#EffectOnHuman development  + (Reduces child mortality by lowering the incidence of diarrhoea)

• Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy#EffectOnEnergy demand  + (Reduces demand for bio-energy.)
• Subsidies on modern energy#EffectOnHuman development  + (Reduces indoor air pollution. This reduces child motality due to lower incidence of pneumonia)
• Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy#EffectOnHuman development  + (Reduces indoor air pollution. This reduces child mortality due to lower incidence of pneumonia)
• Non-CO2 taxation policies#EffectOnAgricultural economy  + (Reduces production of emission-intensive agricultural products and impacts consumption and trade-flows.)
• Subsidies on modern energy#EffectOnEnergy demand  + (Reduces traditional energy use, while increasing modern energy use.)
• Reduction of waste/losses#EffectOnAgricultural economy  + (Reduction in losses and/or waste decrease the demand for agricultural commodities and consequently production.)
• Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production#EffectOnTerrestrial biodiversity  + (Sustainability criteria limit the use of land for bio-energy cultivation and therefore reduce pressures on biodiversity from climate policies (via bio-energy production).)
• More sustainable forest management#EffectOnCarbon cycle and natural vegetation  + (Sustainable forest management has an effect on the C storage in vegetation and soil of forests, and it enhances the net CO₂ uptake by the forests (as degradation is avoided).)
• Implementation of biofuel targets#EffectOnLand-use allocation  + (Targets for biofuel production/blending impact agricultural production and consequently land use.)
• Implementation of biofuel targets#EffectOnTerrestrial biodiversity  + (Targets for biofuel production/blending im … Targets for biofuel production/blending impact terrestrial biodiversity in two ways. Firstly, land used for biofuel crops usually has a negative impact on biodiversity. Secondly, mitigated climate change - due to the use of biofuels - probably has a positive impact on future biodiversity (change).ve impact on future biodiversity (change).)
• Increase forest plantations#EffectOnTerrestrial biodiversity  + (Terrestrial biodiversity is effected in two ways: 1) the area with forestry impacts will be smaller, and 2) the biodiversity value of plantations will be lower than (semi-)natural forests in which logging takes place.)
• Effort- or burden-sharing of emission reductions#EffectOnClimate policy  + (The burden-sharing regime affects regional mitigation costs, as different burden-sharing rules lead to different emission reduction targets.)
• Carbon tax#EffectOnEnergy supply  + (The energy supply will change from the use of carbon intensive energy carriers to the use of low/zero carbon energy carriers.)
• Carbon tax#EffectOnEnergy demand  + (The higher fossil fuel prices result in a … The higher fossil fuel prices result in a shift towards less carbon-intensive energy carriers and (assuming a higher overall energy price) more energy efficiency. There can also be changes in end-use technologies ( e.g. electric cars in the transport sector, blast furnaces with CCS to produce iron and steel).naces with CCS to produce iron and steel).)
• Expanding Reduced Impact Logging#EffectOnTerrestrial biodiversity  + (The impacts on biodiversity is lower using … The impacts on biodiversity is lower using RIL practices instead of the conventional practices. This because (i) less forets will be used (higher biodiversity on large scale); (ii) a better and faster regrowth of the harvested forests, also thus a long-term increasing biodiversity also within these forests.ng biodiversity also within these forests.)
• Improvement of feed conversion#EffectOnNutrients  + (The increased use of concentrates effects the height of N and P excretion for cattle, pigs, poultry and small ruminants in mixed and industrial systems. In this example a 10% lower N and P excretion has been assumed.)
• Reduction proposals (pledges)#EffectOnClimate policy  + (The pledges affect near-term regional emission reductions, thereby influencing mitigation costs.)
• Reduction of waste/losses#EffectOnTerrestrial biodiversity  + (The reduced need for agricultural area decreases habitat loss or could even result in an increased natural area.)
• Reduction of waste/losses#EffectOnLand-use allocation  + (The reduced need for production decreases the need for agricultural area.)
• Change market shares of fuel types#EffectOnEnergy demand  + (The share of the fuel in final energy consumption will be at least equal to the target.)
• Integrated manure management#EffectOnNutrients  + (This change causes more nutrients to be available for recycling in agriculture, and take nutrients in the manure into account when determining of the nutrient application rates)
• Implementation of land use planning#EffectOnAgricultural economy  + (This intervention can decrease available area for agriculture in certain regions.)
• Increase forest plantations#EffectOnCarbon cycle and natural vegetation  + (This intervention changes the regional C pools and fluxes. It limits the exploitation of (natural) forests and preserves the C budgets within these forests. In the plantations the C pools might become reduced.)
• Changes in consumption and diet preferences#EffectOnTerrestrial biodiversity  + (This intervention reduces the pressure from agricultural land use to terrestrial biodiversity.)
• Improved manure storage#EffectOnNutrients  + (This means that the animal manure that is used for spreading contains 5% more N than under the baseline scenario.)