Policy interventions and components overview

All policy interventions-description/keyword

[[Afforestation policies]]

• Increasing forest area to sequester CO₂ in biomass which helps to achieve stringent climate targets.

[[Agricultural trade policies]]

• Changes in agricultural trade policies are applied to the corresponding quota (export or import quota) or border taxes.

[[Apply emission and energy intensity standards]]

• Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour).

[[Capacity targets]]

• It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen.

[[Carbon tax]]

• A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive.

[[Change in grazing intensity]]

• Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations.

[[Change market shares of fuel types]]

• Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen and reflects the impact of fuel targets.

[[Change the use of electricity and hydrogen]]

• It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level.

[[Changes in consumption and diet preferences]]

• Interventions that target consumption changes or changes in dietary preferences

[[Changes in crop and livestock production systems]]

• General changes in crop and livestock production systems, e.g. more efficient production methods to create higher production per unit of input, or other systems like organic farming

[[Closing the yield gap]]

• This intervention increases actual yields (reduces the gap between potential and actual yields), usually realized by better management.

[[Energy tax or subsidiy]]

• Changing the prices through energy tax or subsidy for the various energy carriers influences the choice of technology and thus the level of emissions.

[[Enlarge protected areas]]

• Increase in areas with protected status, as well the size of the areas as the numer of parks.

[[Excluding certain technologies]]

• Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons.

[[Expanding Reduced Impact Logging]]

• Increasing the share of produced wood yielded with Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices instead of conventional logging practices.

[[Implementation of biofuel targets]]

• Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy.

[[Implementation of land use planning]]

• Application of zoning laws or cadastres, assigning areas to certain land uses.

[[Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production]]

• Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas.

[[Improving energy efficiency]]

• Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels.

[[Increase forest plantations]]

• Increase the use of wood from highly productive wood plantations instead of wood from (semi-) natural forests.

[[More sustainable forest management]]

• Sustainable forest management aims for maintaining long-term harvest potential and good ecological status of forests (e.g. the nutrient balance and biodiversity). This can be implemented by (i) enlarging the return period when a forest can be harvested again
• (ii) only using certain fractions of the harvested biomass and leave the remaining part in the forests.

[[Non-CO2 taxation policies]]

• Taxes greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture to achieve cost-optimal mitigation in the agricultural sector.

[[Production targets for energy technologies]]

• Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve.

[[Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy]]

• Increases the efficiency of bio-energy use.

[[REDD policies]]

• The objective of REDD policies it to reduce land-use related emissions by protecting existing forests in the world
• The implementation of REDD includes also costs of policies.

[[Reduction of waste/losses]]

• Reduction of losses in the agro-food chain and waste after consumption.

[[Restrictions on fuel trade]]

• As part of energy security policies, fuel trade between different regions can be blocked.

[[Subsidies on modern energy]]

• Reduces the costs of modern energy to reduce traditional energy use (can be targeted to low income groups).

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