Sandbox

	BelongsToComponent	HasAltTitle	HasCaption	HasFigureType	HasPageName
002g ind16 CP	Climate policy	Regional and global abatement costs for NDCs		Policy intervention figure	File:002g ind16.png
Baseline figure Agricultural economy	Agricultural economy	Global agricultural production and areas per region	Food availability measured in kcal per capita per day available for consumption, for initial situation (2010) and for the SSP scenarios (2100), globally and by region. (van Meijl et al., 2020b)	Baseline figure	File:Ercab7abaf2 hr.jpg
Baseline figure Air pollution and energy policies	Air pollution and energy policies	Global household access to modern fuels for cooking and heating under a baseline scenario	A few key indicators show the trends for energy security, access, air pollution under a baseline scenario.	Baseline figure	File:129x img13.png
Baseline figure Aquatic biodiversity	Aquatic biodiversity	Aquatic Mean Species Abundance under a baseline scenario	In a baseline scenario, aquatic biodiversity is projected to decrease further.	Baseline figure	File:102x img13.png
Baseline figure Atmospheric composition and climate	Atmospheric composition and climate	Greenhouse gas emissions, CO2 concentration, temperature increase and radiative forcing under baseline and climate policy scenarios	In the policy scenarios, emissions decrease strongly after 2020, while concentration levels only decrease or stabilise after 2050. Global mean temperature, due to inertia in the climate system, will not stabilise until the end of this century under the most ambitious climate policy scenario (2.6 W/m2).	Baseline figure	File:091x img13.png
Baseline figure Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation IMAGE framework summary/Earth system	Cumulative terrestrial carbon flux of long-term climate scenarios	Cumulative terrestrial carbon flux of long-term climate scenarios (Müller et al., 2016)	Baseline figure	File:600px 075g img13.png
Baseline figure Climate policy	Climate policy	Greenhouse gas emissions under baseline scenarios and pledges, for Brazil	The national projection is from the National Decree No. 7390, and the WEO 2010 projection is from the World Energy Outlook (2010) of International Energy Agency.	Baseline figure	File:122x img13.png
Baseline figure Crops and grass	Crops and grass	Relative change in decadal mean production according to the GGC models, with and without CO2 fertilization effect	The effect of climate change on crop yields strongly depends on the effect of CO2 fertilisation, also represented in LPJmL. Lines show means across several climate scenarios; adopted from Rosenzweig et al. (2014).	Baseline figure	File:078x img13.png
Baseline figure Drivers	Drivers	Population under the OECD baseline and SSP scenarios	The total global population is projected to peak and then decline in the coming century, except under the high-end assumptions (SSP3). By 2100, the population may range between the current and twice as many as in 2000 in the SSPs. The OECD Outlook assumes an intermediate population growth trajectory, close to the medium population SSP scenarios.	Baseline figure	File:142g img13.png
Baseline figure Ecosystem services	Ecosystem services	Numder of the seven ecosystem services sufficiently suppled, 2000	Assessing how many of the 7 ecosystem services addressed in IMAGE (food, water, Carbon sequestration, erosion protection, pollination, pest control, flood protection, tourism) can be sufficiently supplied allows to identify hotspots of losses in ecosystem services.	Baseline figure	File:115k img13.png
Baseline figure Emissions	Emissions	Gloval greenhouse gas emissions and temperature changes under a baseline scenario	Future greenhouse gas emissions are mostly driven by an increase in energy use, while the relative contribution of land-use related emissions is projected to decrease.	Baseline figure	File:171x img13.png
Baseline figure Energy conversion	Energy conversion	Electricity production, per energy carrier under a baseline scenario	Increase in primary energy demand for electricity production is dominated by coal, despite a rapid growth of renewable energy.	Baseline figure	File:029g img13.png
Baseline figure Energy demand	Energy demand	Global final energy demand under a baseline scenario	Between 2010 and 2050 energy demand for transport and industry, and for natural gas and electricity contribute most to the overall increase.	Baseline figure	File:023x img13.png
Baseline figure Energy supply	Energy supply	Energy production per region under a baseline scenario	Over time the share of most important energy producers for different forms of energy changes. This has implications for energy security.	Baseline figure	File:036x img13.png
Baseline figure Flood risks	Flood risks	Flood-related damage in Bangladesh, 30-year event, based on the historic climate (1961-1990)	Inundation depth of 30-year flood scaled down to Bangladesh (left); The estimated annual damage due to floods (not only due to a 30-year event) is more concentrated when applying the land-use method compared to the population method.	Baseline figure	File:107x img13.png
Baseline figure Forest management	Forest management	Forest and forestry	Areas of managed forest are projected to increase in the coming decades; improved forest management, especially forest plantations, could limit the area required for wood production.	Baseline figure	File:054x img13.png
Baseline figure Human development	Human development	Child mortality under a baseline scenario, per cause, per region	Under a baseline scenario, the global under-five mortality rates will only reach the level of the Millenium Development goals by 2050.	Baseline figure	File:118x img13.png
Baseline figure IMAGE framework introduction		Human development indicators under the baseline scenario	The baseline scenario also shows a decline in population without access to safe drinking water, sanitation and modern energy. In all cases, the improvement is too slow compared to policy ambitions.		File:017x img13.png
Baseline figure Land degradation	Land degradation	Water erosion sensitivity of global land areas under baseline and sustainability scenarios	Under baseline conditions, the risk of high and very high water-induced erosion increases strongly up until 2050. Under the sustainability scenario (PBL, 2012), most of the increase under the baseline scenario is avoided by the combined effect of less land conversion and less climatic change.	Baseline figure	File:163g img13.png
Baseline figure Land-use allocation	Land-use allocation	Distribution of land systems	Natural land conversion in selected SSP scenarios for the 2020-2100 period (van Vuuren et al., 2021)	Baseline figure	File:Capture.PNG
Baseline figure Livestock systems	Livestock systems	Global grass consumption under a baseline scenario	Despite a shift towards compound feed, global grass consumption in livestock systems is projected to increase (PBL, 2012).	Baseline figure	File:063g img13.png
Baseline figure Nutrients	Nutrients	Soil nitrogen budget per region	The nitrogen soil budgets in Northern America, Europe, Russia and Central Asia, Japan and Oceania are stable or decreasing after 2005, they are projected to strongly increase in many other regions in a baseline scenario.	Baseline figure	File:147g img13.png
Baseline figure Terrestrial biodiversity	Terrestrial biodiversity	Pressures driving global biodiversity loss under a baseline scenario	Land-use change and encroachment are projected to remain the most important drivers of biodiversity loss, but climate change will also become a significant pressure.	Baseline figure	File:099g img13.png
Baseline figure Water	Water	Global water demand and water stress under a baseline scenario	As a result of increasing water demand and climate change, the number of people living under water stress is projected to increase (top, OECD 2012), and more regions might face a reduction in crop production due to irrigation water shortage (bottom, Biemans 2012).	Baseline figure	File:082x img13.png
Baseline figure Water II	IMAGE framework summary/Earth system	Regions vulnerable to crop production losses due to irrigation water shortage	Regions vulnerable to crop production losses due to shortages in irrigation water (Biemans, 2012).	Baseline figure	File:084k img13.png
Big Flowchart		the complete framework flowchart	The Big Flowchart provides an overview of the IMAGE framework, its model components, drivers, variables and data flows.	Flowchart	File:BigFlowchart.png
Core model venn diagram	Computer models overview	Venn diagram core model	Venn diagram of models used in IMAGE framework	Other type of figure	File:Core model.png
ElementSummary Description		Detailed description page example	Summary of elements in Detailed description page	Other type of figure	File:Description v2.png
ElementSummary Introduction		Introduction page example	Summary of elements in Introduction page	Other type of figure	File:Introduction v2.png
ElementSummary Policy Issues		Policy issues page example	Summary of elements in Policy issues page	Other type of figure	File:PolicyIssues v2.png
ElementSummary References		All reference page example	Summary of elements in All reference page	Other type of figure	File:References v2.png
ElementSummary Uncertainties		Data uncertainties and limitations page example	Summary of elements in Data uncertainties and limitations page	Other type of figure	File:Uncertainties v2.png
Figure1 IMAGE framework introduction		IAM models distinguished by their level of detail in economic aspects (horizontal) and biophysical/technical aspects (vertical ).	IAM models distinguished by their level of detail in economic aspects (horizontal) and biophysical/technical aspects (vertical ).	Other type of figure	File:002s img13.png
Figure1 IMAGE framework summary		Summary of framework figure1	Trends in population and income.	Other type of figure	File:007x img13.png
Figure2 IMAGE framework summary	Energy supply and demand	Global primary energy supply in baseline and sustainability scenarios	Trends in world energy use, with and without climate policy.	Other type of figure	File:009x img13.png
Figure3 IMAGE framework summary		Global primary energy supply in baseline and sustainability scenarios	Trends in world energy use, with and without climate policy.	Other type of figure	File:011x img13.png
Figure4 IMAGE framework summary		Global geenhouse gas emissions and temperature changes	Changes in emissions under baseline (trend scenario) and 2ºC scenario (challenge pathways)	Other type of figure	File:013x img13.png
Figure6 IMAGE framework summary		Human development indicators in baseline scenario	Human development indicators	Other type of figure	File:017x img13.png
Flowchart Agricultural economy	Agricultural economy	MAGNET- the agro-economic model in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Agricultural economy. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:045x img13.png
Flowchart Air pollution and energy policies	Air pollution and energy policies	Linkages between goals and measures for energy access, energy security, climate change and air pollution	Flowchart Air pollution and energy policies. Linkages between components of the IMAGE system, energy policy objectives and possible policy measures.	Flowchart	File:128s img13.png
Flowchart Aquatic biodiversity	Aquatic biodiversity	GLOBIO model for aquatic ecosystems	Flowchart Aquatic biodiversity. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:101s img13.png
Flowchart Atmospheric composition and climate	Atmospheric composition and climate	Atmospheric composition and climate model (based on MAGICC 6.0) in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Atmospheric composition and climate. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:090s img13.png
Flowchart Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation module of LPJmL, in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Carbon cycle and natural vegetation. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:073s img13.png
Flowchart Climate policy	Climate policy	FAIR, the climate policy model in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Climate policy. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:121s img13.png
Flowchart Crops and grass	Crops and grass	Crop and grass module of LPJmL, in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Crops and grass. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:077s img13.png
Flowchart Drivers	Drivers	Scenario development and model drivers for IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Drivers. Model drives are inferred from scenario storylines taking into account external data sources, such as time series, cross-sector data, and literature sources.	Flowchart	File:020s img13.png
Flowchart Ecosystem services	Ecosystem services	Ecosystem Services model in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Ecosystem services. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:114s img13.png
Flowchart Emissions	Emissions	Emission module of IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Emissions. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page. Anthropogenic sources, for natural sources see Table 5.2.2. More detail on inputs and outputs, and how they link to other IMAGE components is presented at the end of this section (Emission table).	Flowchart	File:148s img13.png
Flowchart Energy conversion	Energy conversion	TIMER model, electricity module	Flowchart Energy conversion. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:028s img13.png
Flowchart Energy demand	Energy demand	TIMER model, energy demand module	Some sectors are represented in a generic way as shown here, the sectors transport, residential and heavy industry are modelled in specific modules.	Flowchart	File:022s img13.png
Flowchart Energy supply	Energy supply	TIMER model, energy supply module	Flowchart Energy supply. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:034s img13.png
Flowchart Energy supply and demand	Energy supply and demand	TIMER, the energy demand and supply model in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Energy supply and demand. Overview of the IMAGE/TIMER model	Flowchart	File:021s img13.png
Flowchart Flood risks	Flood risks	GLOFRIS, the flood risk model in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Flood risks. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:105x img13.png
Flowchart Forest management	Forest management	Forest management module in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Forest management. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page. The option of forest plantations in IMAGE and LPJmL is still under development, and expected to be available soon.	Flowchart	File:053s img13.png
Flowchart Human development	Human development	GISMO model to assess human development in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Human development. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:117s img13.png
Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (A)	Land and biodiversity policies	Policy interventions in agricultural demand	Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (A). Policy interventions in the agricultural demand system.	Flowchart	File:133s img13.png
Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (B)	Land and biodiversity policies	Policy interventions in the crop and livestock production systems	Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (B). Policy interventions in crop and livestock production systems.	Flowchart	File:134s img13.png
Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (C)	Land and biodiversity policies	Policy interventions in the forestry system	Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (C). Policy interventions targeting the forestry sector.	Flowchart	File:135s img13.png
Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (D)	Land and biodiversity policies	Policy interventions in land-use regulation	Flowchart Land and biodiversity policies (D). Policy interventions that regulate land use and land supply.	Flowchart	File:136s img13.png
Flowchart Land degradation	Land degradation	Two approaches to assess land degradation in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Land degradation. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:110x img13.png
Flowchart Land-use allocation	Land-use allocation	Land-use allocation model in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Land-use allocation. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:058x img13.png
Flowchart Livestock systems	Livestock systems	Livestock systems module in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Livestock systems. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:062s img13.png
Flowchart Nutrients	Nutrients	Nutrient module of IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Nutrients. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:149x img13.png
Flowchart Terrestrial biodiversity	Terrestrial biodiversity	GLOBIO model for terrestrial biodiversity in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Terrestrial biodiversity. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:098s img13.png
Flowchart Water	Water	Water module of LPJmL, in IMAGE 3.0	Flowchart Water. See also the Input/Output Table on the introduction page.	Flowchart	File:080x img13.png
Formula1 Emissions	Emissions	Formula 1: Emission factor	Formula 1.	Other type of figure	File:Formula1 E.PNG
Formula1 Energy demand	Energy demand	Formula 1: Final energy demand	Formula 1.	Other type of figure	File:Formula1 ED.PNG
Formula1 Land degradation	Land degradation	Land degradation formula 1		Other type of figure	File:Formula1 LD.PNG
Formula1 Livestock systems	Livestock systems	Formule1 LS	Formule1 LS	Other type of figure	File:Formule1 LS.PNG
Formula1 Nutrients	Nutrients	Formula 1: Human nutrient emissions	Formula 1.	Other type of figure	File:Formula1 N.PNG
Formula2 Energy demand	Energy demand	Formula 2: Indicated market share	Formula 2.	Other type of figure	File:Formula2 ED.PNG
Formula2 Land degradation	Land degradation	Land degradation formula 2		Other type of figure	File:Formula2 LD.PNG
Formula2 Livestock systems	Livestock systems	Formule2 LS	Formula2	Other type of figure	File:Formule2 LS.PNG
Formula2 Nutrients	Nutrients	Formula 2: The soil N budget.	Formula 2.	Other type of figure	File:Formula2 N.PNG
Formula3 Land degradation	Land degradation	Land degradation formula 3		Other type of figure	File:Formula3 LD.PNG
Formula4 Land degradation	Land degradation	Land degradation formula 3		Other type of figure	File:Formula4 LD.PNG
Global Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions		Figure Global Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions showing results of 4 scenarios of Rio+20	Figure showing results of 4 scenarios of Rio+20	Other type of figure	File:Global Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions.PNG
IMAGE framework schematic	Framework overview	An overview of the IMAGE framework	An overview of the IMAGE framework and its components	Flowchart	File:004s img13.png
IMAGE framework schematic - DPSIR classification		An overview of the IMAGE framework DPSIR classification	An overview of the IMAGE framework DPSIR classification	Flowchart	File:DPSIR classification.png
Icon AB	Aquatic biodiversity	Link to framework components overview	Impact component: Aquatic biodiversity	Icon	File:Icon AB.png
Icon ACC	Atmospheric composition and climate	Link to framework components overview	State component: Atmospheric composition and climate	Icon	File:Icon ACC.png
Icon AEF	Agricultural economy	Link to framework components overview	Pressure component: Agricultural economy	Icon	File:Icon AEF.png
Icon ALU	Agriculture and land use	Link to framework components overview	Main pressure component: Agriculture and land use	Icon	File:Icon ALU.png
Icon APEP	Air pollution and energy policies	link to framework components overview	Response component: Air pollution and energy policies	Icon	File:Icon APEP.png
Icon AS	Land-use allocation	link to framework components overview	Pressure component: Land-use allocation	Icon	File:Icon AS.png
Icon CG	Crops and grass	Link to framework components overview	State component: Crops and grass	Icon	File:Icon CG.png
Icon CP	Climate policy	Link to framework components overview	Response component: Climate policy	Icon	File:Icon CP.png
Icon D	Drivers	Link to framework components overview	Driver component: Driver	Icon	File:Icon D.png
Icon E	Emissions	Link to framework components overview	Pressure component: Emissions	Icon	File:Icon E.png
Icon EC	Energy conversion	Link to framework components overview	Pressure component: Energy conversion	Icon	File:Icon EC.png
Icon ED	Energy demand	Link to framework components overview	Pressure component: Energy demand	Icon	File:Icon ED.png
Icon EGS	Ecosystem services	Link to framework components overview	Impact component: Ecosystem services	Icon	File:Icon EGS.png
Icon ES	Energy supply	Link to framework components overview	Pressure component: Energy supply	Icon	File:Icon ES.png
Icon ESD	Energy supply and demand	Link to framework components overview	Main pressure component: Energy supply and demand	Icon	File:Icon ESD.png
Icon FM	Forest management	Link to framework components overview	Pressure component: Forest management	Icon	File:Icon FM.png
Icon FR	Flood risks	link to framework components overview	Impact component: Flood risks	Icon	File:Icon FR.png
Icon H	Water	link to framework components overview	State component: Water	Icon	File:Icon H.png
Icon HD	Human development	link to framework components overview	Impact component: Human development	Icon	File:Icon HD.png
Icon I	Impacts	link to framework components overview	Main impact component: Impact	Icon	File:Icon I.png
Icon IF	IMAGE framework summary IMAGE framework			Icon	File:Icon IF.png
Icon LBP	Land and biodiversity policies	link to framework components overview	Response component: Land and biodiversity policies	Icon	File:Icon LBP.png
Icon LCU	Land cover and land use	link to framework components overview	State component: Land cover and land use	Icon	File:Icon LCU.png
Icon LD	Land degradation	link to framework components overview	Impact component: Land degradation	Icon	File:Icon LD.png
Icon LS	Livestock systems	link to framework components overview	Pressure component: Livestock systems	Icon	File:Icon LS.png
Icon N	Nutrients	link to framework components overview	State component: Nutrients	Icon	File:Icon N.png
Icon NVCC	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Link to framework components overview	State component: Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Icon	File:Icon NVCC.png
Icon PR	Policy responses	Link to framework components overview	Policy responses	Icon	File:Icon PR.png
Icon TB	Terrestrial biodiversity	Link to framework components overview	Impact component: Terrestrial biodiversity	Icon	File:Icon TB.png
Icon VHA	Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water	link to framework components overview	Main state components: Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water	Icon	File:Icon VHA.png
Landcover - scenario comparison			Landcover of four RIO+20 scenarios in 2050	Other type of figure	File:Landcover Rio 2050 scenarioComparison .PNG
ModelComponentMappingFigure		Image framework scheme with mapping of components to the computer models	Mapping of IMAGE framework components to the computer models. Note: Land-use emissions are also calculated in LPJmL.	Other type of figure	File:175s img13.png
Other Figure Land degradation			Food prices and food price effects, 2050	Other type of figure	File:039g glo21.png
Other Figure Land degradation 2			Change in cereal yields in baseline scenario, 2015 - 2050	Other type of figure	File:021g glo21.png
PFT to NLCT		Flowchart for the classification of natural land cover types (biomes) based on of plant functional types	Natural land cover type (biome) classification from area shares of individual Plant Functional Types (PFT)s (expresses as foliage projected cover, FPC) and mean annual temperature (Tmean). Subscripts of FPC refer to individual PFTs (1: tropical broadleaved evergreen, 2: tropical broadleaved raingreen, 3: temperate needleleaved evergreen, 4: temperate broadleaved evergreen, 5: temperate broadleaved summergreen, 6: boreal summergreen, 7: boreal needleleaved evergreen, 8: C3 herbaceous, 9: C4 herbaceous), tropical PFTs (“trop”) are PFTs 1 and 2, temperate PFTs (“temp”) are PFTs 3-5, boreal PFTS (“bor”) are PFTs 6 and 7, tree PFTs (“tree”) are PFTs 1-7, grass PFTs are PFTs 8 and 9.	Other type of figure	File:PFT2NLCT.png
Policy intervention figure Agricultural economy	Agricultural economy		(a) Land use in 2010. Land-use change in (b) 2010–2050 and (c) 2010–2100 for the scenarios with afforestation (Doelman et al., 2020)	Policy intervention figure	File:Gcb14887-fig-0006-m.jpg
Policy intervention figure Air pollution and energy policies	Air pollution and energy policies	Global energy trade under the baseline and sustainability scenarios, 2050	Compared to the baseline, energy trade is significantly reduced under the sustainability scenarios (PBL, 2012).	Policy intervention figure	File:132g img13.png
Policy intervention figure Aquatic biodiversity	Aquatic biodiversity	Avoided aquatic biodiversity loss compared to the baseline, under a combination of policy options	A set of ambitious policy options could reduce aquatic biodiversity loss compared to a baseline scenario.	Policy intervention figure	File:170k img13.png
Policy intervention figure Atmospheric composition and climate	Atmospheric composition and climate	Radiative forcing and temperature change under baseline and policy scenarios	In addition to ‘conventional’ climate policy, there may be situations where urgent action on climate change is required, either via rapid mitigation, or via Solar Radiation Management (SRM) (e.g. sulphur emissions to the stratosphere). Radiative forcing is immediately stabilised at the intended level by SRM, and also temperatures are adjusted immediately (though not yet at the equilibrium level), and even faster under extreme SRM than would be possible through strong mitigation. However, substantial uncertainties and risks are related to such drastic manipulations of the radiation balance.	Policy intervention figure	File:096x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Carbon cycle and natural vegetation II	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Change in cumulative CO2 emissions under increasing forest protection, compared to the baseline scenario, 2010-2030	Increasingly strict REDD regimes might lead to substantial reduction in cumulative terrestrial CO2 emission (Overmars et al., 2014).	Policy intervention figure	File:600px 076g img13.png
Policy intervention figure Climate policy	Climate policy	Greenhouse gas emissions, radiative forcing and costs under mitigation scenarios	Scenario results describing emission pathways representing optimal and delayed policy action (Copenhagen pledges) in 2020, in terms of CO2 emission (including land use), associated radiative forcing (including all gases and aerosol forcing), and global mitigation costs (as percentage of GDP).	Policy intervention figure	File:125x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Crops and grass	Crops and grass	Climate change impacts on crop yields from 1981 - 2010 to 2070 - 2099	By the end of the century climate change impacts on crop yields under the baseline could be reduced by stringent climate policy.	Policy intervention figure	File:079x2 img13.png
Policy intervention figure Drivers	Drivers	GDP under OECD baseline and the SSP scenarios	Projected total world GDP in the OECD environmental outlook (OECD, 2012) and in the SSP scenarios according to OECD (left), per world region in SSP2 according to OECD (middle) and according to different sources for SSP3 (right). GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is shown in purchasing power parity (ppp), SSP data from the SSP database (IIASA, 2013).	Policy intervention figure	File:143x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Ecosystem services	Ecosystem services	Assessment of sufficient supply of ecosystem services under the baseline and sustainability scenarios	While the supply of ecosystem services is decreasing under a baseline scenario, much of this decline could be avoided under a sustainability scenario (all based on PBL, 2012).	Policy intervention figure	File:116g img13.png
Policy intervention figure Emissions	Emissions	Global emission of NOx and SO2 per sector under baseline and policy scenarios	Climate policy has important co-benefits for air pollution.	Policy intervention figure	File:067x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Energy conversion	Energy conversion	Global capacity of the power sector	The large share of conventional coal power in the baseline is replaced by fossil power with CCS and renewable capacity in the sustainability scenarios.	Policy intervention figure	File:032x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Energy demand	Energy demand	Global primary energy use under baseline and policy scenarios	The ‘envisaged policies’ scenario includes currently planned policies, the ‘global resource efficiency’ scenario assumes ambitious energy efficiency policies, and the ‘global resource efficiency and climate policy’ scenario additionally assumes policies to meet the 2 °C target. Total primary energy use could be significantly reduced by policies on energy efficiency, whereas additional climate policy would mostly affect the type of resources used. (Van den Berg et al., 2011b)	Policy intervention figure	File:024x img13.PNG
Policy intervention figure Energy supply	Energy supply	Global primary energy supply		Policy intervention figure	File:043x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Flood risks	Flood risks	Flood related damage in Bangladesh	Future expected annual damage due to flooding depends on future climate change, but much even more on future GDP and population distribution.	Policy intervention figure	File:155x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Forest management	Forest management	Prevented global MSA (Mean Species Abundance) loss compared to the baseline scenario, 2000 - 2050	Improved forest management can contribute to reducing biodiversity loss (measured in MSA, see Component Terrestrial biodiversity ).	Policy intervention figure	File:056x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Human development	Human development	Global under-five mortality rate under baseline and sustainability scenarios	Compared to the baseline, the sustainability scenarios ‘Global Technology’ and ‘Challenge +’ (PBL, 2012) will reduce child mortality, but the MDG target set for 2015 would still only be met after 2030.	Policy intervention figure	File:120g img13.png
Policy intervention figure Land and biodiversity policies	Land and biodiversity policies	Change in global biodiversity per option, compared to baseline scenario	Results of several interventions in declining biodiversity loss (PBL, 2010)	Policy intervention figure	File:137x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Land and biodiversity policies II	Land and biodiversity policies	Global biodiversity under baseline and sustainability scenarios to prevent biodiversity loss	Biodiversity is projected to decline further in the baseline scenario (left). Various measures in the demand system, the production system and in land-use regulation contribute to reducing biodiversity loss in the sustainability scenarios (right).	Policy intervention figure	File:140x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Land cover and land use	Agriculture and land use	Global food production and land use under the baseline scenario	Changes in agricultural production and land use	Policy intervention figure	File:011x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Land degradation	Land degradation	Changein main soil properties and maize yields, from undisturbed state to conditions in 2005	As a result of soil degradation and changes in soil properties, yields are up to 30 % lower than they would have been under pristine conditions, in some parts of the world.	Policy intervention figure	File:111x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Land-use allocation	Land-use allocation	Carbon emissions and land use under restricted land supply, compared to the baseline scenario, 2020	Impact of land-use change, protection and restoration policies on ecosystem functions (van Esch et al., 2021)	Policy intervention figure	File:Capture2.PNG
Policy intervention figure Livestock systems	Livestock systems	Global grassland area under baseline and sustainability scenario	Future trends in grassland areas strongly depend on grassland management and productivity (PBL, 2012).	Policy intervention figure	File:063g img13.png
Policy intervention figure Nutrients	Nutrients	Global soil nitrogen budget under a number of policy interventions, 2050	Several policy interventions can lead to a reduction in the global soil nitrogen budget compared to a baseline scenario (Bouwman et al., 2013c).	Policy intervention figure	File:146g img13.png
Policy intervention figure Terrestrial biodiversity	Terrestrial biodiversity	Prevented global MSA (Mean Species Abundance) loss compared to baseline scenario, 2000 - 2050	Several policy interventions in land-use regulation, production and demand systems could prevent some of the biodiversity loss projected in the baseline. The single largest effects can be expected from closing the yield gap, and from dietary changes.	Policy intervention figure	File:100g img13.png
Policy intervention figure Water	Water	Contribution of water sources to meet irrigation water demand	Three of the five water basins on the Indian subcontinent strongly rely on groundwater resources to meet irrigation water demand. Doubling the capacity of large dams can increase the amount of irrigation water available in some basins. In all basins, improved irrigation efficiency leads to a significant reduction in water required for irrigation.	Policy intervention figure	File:085x img13.png
Policy intervention figure Water/Policy issues		Global impact EFR policy on SSP2 scenario	Impact of prioritizing environmental flows for the SSP2 scenario on (a) the percentage of river length per basin that meets the EFR targets, (b) food production expressed as a change in yield due to lower water availability and (c) the change in nr of people at severe risk of water shortage for electricity, industries and households (living in areas where the projected consumption is less than 50% of projected demand). The results are the yearly averages for 2045–2054. (de Vos et al., 2021)	Other type of figure	File:Impacts efr 300.png
Region classification map		A map of the region classification used in IMAGE framework	The IMAGE framework region classification.	Other type of figure	File:005k img13.png
USS all regions		Dimension example All regions selected	Dimension example: all regions selected	Other type of figure	File:USSRegionDimAll.png
USS compare scenarios		Compare scenarios in a graph	Compare scenarios in a graph	Other type of figure	File:USSCompareScenarios.png
USS edit menu		The edit menu-options of USS	Edit menu-options of USS	Other type of figure	File:USSEditMenu.png
USS landcover map		landcover map	Landcover map from USS	Other type of figure	File:USSLandcoverMap.png
USS load scenario		Select and load scenarios	Select and load scenarios	Other type of figure	File:USSLoadScenario.png
USS region selection		Region selection with coupled dimension	Region selection with coupled dimension	Other type of figure	File:USSSelectedRegions.png
USS select scenario dimension		Select scenario dimension in dimension dialog	Select scenario in dimension dimension dialog	Other type of figure	File:USSSelectScenarioDim.png
USS zoomed out figure		zoomed out example from USS	An USS graph zoomed out	Other type of figure	File:USSZoomedOut.png
USS-Overview	Download	USS overview	USS overview	Other type of figure	File:Rio-2050-baseline.PNG

	FrameworkElementType
Agricultural economy	pressure component
Air pollution and energy policies	response component
Aquatic biodiversity	impact component
Atmospheric composition and climate	state component
Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	state component
Climate policy	response component
Crops and grass	state component
Drivers	driver component
Ecosystem services	impact component
Emissions	interaction component
Energy conversion	pressure component
Energy demand	pressure component
Energy supply	pressure component
Flood risks	impact component
Forest management	pressure component
Human development	impact component
Land and biodiversity policies	response component
Land cover and land use	interaction component
Land degradation	impact component
Land-use allocation	pressure component
Livestock systems
Nutrients	state component
Terrestrial biodiversity	impact component
Water	state component

${X}=2{y}$

${\frac {x}{y}}$