Key policy issues maintenance overview
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Overview of all policy questions
| Component | Policy Question | Policy Description | Theme item |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agricultural economy | PQ1 (AEF) | What is the area of cropland and grassland required to support future food demand? | Agricultural land use (Land use), Land use system (Land use) |
| Agricultural economy | PQ2 (AEF) | What are the policy options to reduce agricultural land use and to safeguard global biodiversity, while ensuring food security? | Agricultural land use (Land use), Terrestrial biodiversity (NB), Food demand (Food) |
| Agricultural economy | PQ3 (AEF) | How can the implications of biofuels for land use and greenhouse gases be managed sustainably? | Other land use (Land use), GHG emissions (Climate) |
| Air pollution and energy policies | PQ1 (APEP) | How do energy policies contribute to economic and social development, and how do they support or hamper a more sustainable future? | Energy demand (Energy), Climate mitigation (Climate), Air quality (Air pollution) |
| Air pollution and energy policies | PQ2 (APEP) | How can the goals for affordable, clean and reliable energy be achieved taking into account possible synergies and trade-offs? | Energy demand (Energy), Air quality (Air pollution) |
| Aquatic biodiversity | PQ1 (AB) | How will the biodiversity in freshwater bodies develop in the absence of additional policies and measures? | Land cover (NB), Aquatic biodiversity (NB), Water quality (Water) |
| Aquatic biodiversity | PQ2 (AB) | What are the key pressure factors causing loss of aquatic biodiversity? | Aquatic biodiversity (NB), Water quality (Water) |
| Aquatic biodiversity | PQ3 (AB) | How will policies and measures to reduce the key pressure factors contribute to meeting the internationally agreed targets of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)? | Aquatic biodiversity (NB), Water stress (Water), Water quality (Water) |
| Atmospheric composition and climate | PQ1 (ACC) | What would be the impact of global climate change in this century without additional mitigation policies and measures? | Climate change (Climate) |
| Atmospheric composition and climate | PQ2 (ACC) | To what extent would the various scenarios to significantly reduce net greenhouse gas emissions lead to a reduction in climate change? | Climate mitigation (Climate), GHG emissions (Climate), Climate change (Climate) |
| Atmospheric composition and climate | PQ3 (ACC) | To what extent does the uncertainty of geographical patterns in temperature and precipitation change influence future climate impacts and response strategies? | Climate change (Climate) |
| Carbon cycle and natural vegetation | PQ3(NVCC) | What are the contributions of land-use change, climate change and CO2 fertilization on the future carbon cycle and how can these be considered in climate policies? | Other land use (Land use), Climate change (Climate) |
| Carbon cycle and natural vegetation | PQ1 (NVCC) | What is the role of the terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle, how will it change in time as a result of climate and land-use change? | Agricultural land use (Land use), GHG emissions (Climate) |
| Carbon cycle and natural vegetation | PQ2 (NVCC) | To what extent can the terrestrial biosphere contribute to reducing the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere and what are viable mechanisms? | GHG emissions (Climate) |
| Carbon cycle and natural vegetation | PQ3 (NVCC) | What opportunities exist to reduce land-use related carbon emissions (e.g. REDD) and even enhance the carbon uptake through the establishment of new forests. | GHG emissions (Climate), Degradation (Land use) |
| Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water | PQ4 (VHA) | What is the combined effect of climate change and socio-economic development on water demand and availability, and associated agricultural production? | Crop production (Food), Water stress (Water), Irrigation (Water) |
| Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water | PQ3 (VHA) | What is the role of the terrestrial biosphere in the global carbon cycle, how will it change in time as a result of climate and land-use change? | Agricultural land use (Land use), GHG emissions (Climate) |
| Carbon, vegetation, agriculture and water | PQ2 (VHA) | How do climate change and land-use management affect the land productivity of current and future agricultural land? | Agricultural land use (Land use), Crop production (Food), Climate change (Climate) |
| Climate policy | PQ2 (CP) | What is the effect of effort-sharing approaches on regional and national emission reduction targets and on the cost of climate policies? | GHG emissions (Climate), Other climate (Climate) |
| Climate policy | PQ4 (CP) | What are the trade-offs between mitigation costs, adaptation costs, and climate change damage? | Climate mitigation (Climate), Climate impacts (Climate), Other climate (Climate), Climate adaptation (Climate) |
| Climate policy | PQ3 (CP) | What is the effect of the NDCs on achieving the long term 2 ºC target? | Climate mitigation (Climate) |
| Climate policy | PQ1 (CP) | What global greenhouse gas emissions pathways would meet the well below 2 °C climate target? | GHG emissions (Climate), Climate change (Climate), Other climate (Climate) |
| Crops and grass | PQ1 (CG) | How will climate change affect the productivity of current and future agricultural areas? | Crop production (Food), Climate impacts (Climate) |
| Crops and grass | PQ2 (CG) | How could management improve agricultural productivity under current and future water constraints? | GHG emissions (Climate), Other climate (Climate) |
| Crops and grass | PQ3 (CG) | How will agriculture affect the Earth system with respect to carbon emissions, freshwater availability and nutrient cycles? | Agricultural land use (Land use), Land cover (NB), Water stress (Water) |
| Ecosystem services | PQ2 (EGS) | How could policy interventions contribute to improving future ecosystem services? | Eco goods and services (NB) |
| Ecosystem services | PQ3 (EGS) | How could policy interventions influence the interaction between ecosystem services and other goals and ambitions, such as the millennium development goals? | Eco goods and services (NB) |
| Ecosystem services | PQ1 (EGS) | How would ecosystem services and the benefits from the natural environment develop in the absence of specific policies? | Eco goods and services (NB) |
| Emissions | PQ2 (E) | What synergies between climate policy and air pollution control can be identified? | Climate mitigation (Climate), GHG emissions (Climate), Air quality (Air pollution) |
| Emissions | PQ1 (E) | How will emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants develop in scenarios with and without policy interventions, such as climate policy and air pollution control? | Climate mitigation (Climate), GHG emissions (Climate), Air quality (Air pollution), Other air pollution (Air pollution), BC-OC emissions (Air pollution) |
| Energy conversion | PQ1 (EC) | What is the potential role of energy conversion sector, particularly in power production, in achieving a more sustainable energy system? | Other energy (Energy) |
| Energy conversion | PQ2 (EC) | What are the potential roles of individual technologies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), nuclear power, hydrogen and renewable energy? | Other energy (Energy), Climate mitigation (Climate) |
| Energy demand | PQ1 (ED) | How will energy demand evolve particularly in emerging and medium- and low-income economies? | Energy demand (Energy) |
| Energy demand | PQ2 (ED) | What is the mix of end-use energy carriers to meet future energy demand? | Energy demand (Energy) |
| Energy demand | PQ3 (ED) | How can energy efficiency contribute to reducing the growth rate of energy demand and mitigate pressures on the global environment? | Energy demand (Energy), Energy system (Energy), Energy emissions (Energy) |
| Energy supply | PQ1 (ES) | How can energy resources be exploited to meet future primary energy demand? | Energy system (Energy) |
| Energy supply | PQ2 (ES) | How can energy supply and demand be balanced between world regions, and how will this effect security of supply? | Energy demand (Energy) |
| Energy supply | PQ3 (ES) | How rapidly can the transition to more sustainable energy supply be made? | Energy system (Energy) |
| Energy supply and demand | PQ2 (ESD) | What transitions in the energy system would meet long-term climate goals? | Other energy (Energy), Climate mitigation (Climate) |
| Energy supply and demand | PQ3 (ESD) | How are these strategies affected by uncertainties in the energy system? | Other energy (Energy) |
| Energy supply and demand | PQ1 (ESD) | How can energy supply and demand become more sustainable, balancing human development, security of supply, and concerns about climate change and air pollution? | Energy demand (Energy), Energy system (Energy), Other energy (Energy), Energy emissions (Energy) |
| Flood risks | PQ2 (FR) | What would be the impact of floods, in terms of damage and victims, and where are the hot spots? | Other water (Water) |
| Flood risks | PQ3 (FR) | What would be suitable adaptation strategies and investment options related to flood risk? | Other water (Water) |
| Flood risks | PQ1 (FR) | How will future flood risk change as a result of socio-economic changes and climate change? | Other water (Water) |
| Forest management | PQ2 (FM) | What are the implications of forest management for pristine and managed forest areas, and on biomass and carbon stocks and fluxes of relevance for climate policy? | GHG emissions (Climate), Forestry (Land use) |
| Forest management | PQ3 (FM) | What are the prospects for more sustainable forest management and the role of production in dedicated forest plantations? | Forestry (Land use) |
| Forest management | PQ1 (FM) | How can management influence forest capacity to meet future demand for wood and other ecosystem services? | Eco goods and services (NB), Forestry (Land use) |
| Human development | PQ1 (HD) | What are the key future trends in human development, such as those targeted by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)? | Human development (HD) |
| Human development | PQ2 (HD) | How are changes in the global environment likely to affect human development? | Human development (HD) |
| Human development | PQ3 (HD) | How is improved access to food, water and energy likely to contribute to human development? | Human development (HD) |
| IMAGE framework summary | PQ1 (IF) | How could global environmental issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss and air pollution evolve? | Aquatic biodiversity (NB), Terrestrial biodiversity (NB), Air quality (Air pollution), Climate change (Climate) |
| IMAGE framework summary | PQ2 (IF) | What are the consequences of these changes for international targets for biodiversity protection (addressed by the CBD), climate change (UNFCCC) and human development (addressed by the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals)? | Aquatic biodiversity (NB), Terrestrial biodiversity (NB), Air quality (Air pollution), Climate change (Climate) |
| IMAGE framework summary | PQ3 (IF) | How could response strategies limit environmental pressures and foster more sustainable development? | Human development (HD) |
| IMAGE framework summary | PQ4 (IF) | What are the linkages between components of environmental change and human development? What are key uncertainties? | Human development (HD) |
| Land and biodiversity policies | PQ2 (LBP) | How can changes in consumption patterns contribute to achieving sustainability goals through changes in land use? | Nutrition and diet (Food) |
| Land and biodiversity policies | PQ3 (LBP) | What are the synergies and trade-offs between halting biodiversity loss, food security, reducing nutrient emissions, and reducing water stress? | Terrestrial biodiversity (NB), Water stress (Water), Other food (Food) |
| Land and biodiversity policies | PQ1 (LBP) | How can land-use policies contribute to strategies for halting biodiversity loss and reducing greenhouse gas emissions? | Terrestrial biodiversity (NB), GHG emissions (Climate) |
| Land degradation | PQ1 (LD) | In what parts of the world have human-induced changes in land and soil conditions occurred? | Terrestrial biodiversity (NB), Degradation (Land use) |
| Land degradation | PQ2 (LD) | What are the future risks of soil degradation? | Degradation (Land use) |
| Land degradation | PQ3 (LD) | To what extent are ecosystem functions lost by soil degradation, adding to local and global concerns about food security, biodiversity loss and climate change? | Climate change (Climate), Degradation (Land use) |
| Land-use allocation | PQ3 (AS) | How can agricultural intensification increase global food production, and what policies will contribute to this? | Animal husbandry (Food), Crop production (Food) |
| Land-use allocation | PQ2 (AS) | How will land-use regulation, such as protected areas and REDD schemes, affect future land use and the impacts of land-use change? | Forestry (Land use), Land use system (Land use) |
| Land-use allocation | PQ1 (AS) | How will changes in agricultural demand and trade affect future land-use patterns? | Trade (Food), Nutrition and diet (Food) |
| Livestock systems | PQ1 (LS) | What are the impacts of increasing livestock production on land use, greenhouse gases and other emissions to air and surface water? | Animal husbandry (Food), Nutrition and diet (Food), GHG emissions (Climate), Air quality (Air pollution), Other air pollution (Air pollution) |
| Livestock systems | PQ2 (LS) | How does the use of marginal lands for grazing increase the risk of degradation and loss of productivity, inducing more forest clearing? | Agricultural land use (Land use), Animal husbandry (Food) |
| Nutrients | PQ2 (N) | To what extent can the negative impacts be reduced by more efficient nutrient management and wastewater treatment, while retaining the positive effects on food production and land productivity? | Water quality (Water) |
| Nutrients | PQ1 (N) | How will the increasing use of fertilisers affect terrestrial and marine ecosystems, with possible consequences for human health? | Water stress (Water) |
| Terrestrial biodiversity | PQ3 (TB) | How will nature conservation policies and measures to reduce the key pressure factors of biodiversity loss contribute to meeting the targets of the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)? | Aquatic biodiversity (NB), Terrestrial biodiversity (NB) |
| Terrestrial biodiversity | PQ2 (TB) | What are the key pressure factors causing biodiversity loss? | Aquatic biodiversity (NB), Terrestrial biodiversity (NB) |
| Terrestrial biodiversity | PQ1 (TB) | What is the future rate of terrestrial biodiversity loss in the absence of additional policies and measures? | Terrestrial biodiversity (NB) |
| Water | PQ1 (H) | What is the combined effect of climate change and socio-economic development on water demand and availability, and on associated agricultural production? | Crop production (Food), Water stress (Water), Irrigation (Water) |
| Water | PQ3 (H) | How can water demand be reduced and still provide the adequate service levels to the sectors with the highest demand? | Water stress (Water) |
| Water | PQ2 (H) | What is the potential of adaptation measures to reduce water stress and water-related crop production losses? | Water stress (Water), Irrigation (Water) |
| PQ | Description | ThemeItems |
|---|