Property:HasShortDescription
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This is a property of type Text.
A
Percentage of the population with sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation. +
Accessibility expressed as travel time. +
Actual crop and grass production on agricultural land, based on potential yield and management intensity +
Costs for adaptation measures to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems to actual or expected climate change effects. +
Level of adaptation to climate change , defined as the share of climate change damage avoided by adaptation. This level is be calculated by the model to minimise adaptation costs and residual damage, or set by the user. +
Total area for crop production (annual and perennial) and intensive grassland. +
Suitability of land in a grid cell for agriculture and forestry, as a function of accessibility, population density, slope and potential crop yields. +
Air pollution policies set to reach emission reduction targets, represented in the model in the form of energy carrier and sector specific emission factors. +
Harmful algal blooms in lakes caused by cyanobacteria, producing toxins harmful to humans and animals. +
Effective production of livestock commodities per animal per year. +
Number of animals per category: non-dairy cattle; dairy cattle; pigs; sheep and goats; poultry. +
Relative Mean Species Abundance of original species in lakes, rivers and wetlands. +
B
Emissions of BC, OC and NO<sub>x</sub> per year. +
The average abundance across a set of species in each area relative to their reference population, which would be populations before any humans impacts but are usually populations in the least impacted settings available +
Area of bioenergy crop production, in model setting where sustainability criteria require that the area for bioenergy crops is not included in the agricultural production area (to avoid competition between bioenergy and food). +
Total bioenergy production. +
Policies to foster the use of biofuels in transport, such as financial incentives and biofuel mandates and obligations. +
Biomes are groups of plants and animals, often referred as ecosystems. Their spatial distribution on Earth is defined by climatic and geographical conditions defined as contiguous areas with similar climatic conditions. Biomes are often referred to by climatic conditions (such as, tropical, temperate, boreal) and physiological characteristic (such as, grassland, deciduous trees, coniferous trees). +
Urban built-up area per grid cell, excluded from all biophysical modelling in IMAGE, increasing over time as a function of urban population and a country- and scenario-specific urban density curve. +
C
CLUMondo specific input. +
Emissions from CO and NMVOC. +
Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. +
CO<sub>2</sub> emission from energy and industry. +
The amount of CO<sub>2</sub> stored in underground reservoirs by applying CO<sub>2</sub> capture technology.. +
Capital available to replace depreciated stock and expand the stock to support economic growth. +
Carbon biomass in three soil pools (litter, humus and charcoal) and two timber pools (slow decaying, and fast decaying). +
Carbon pools in leaves, stems, branches and roots). +
Carbon price on the international trading market (in USD in 2005 per tonne C-eq) calculated from aggregated regional permit demand and supply curves derived from marginal abatement costs. +
Net carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems and oceans. +
The costs of capturing and storing CO2, affecting the use of CCS technology. +
Change in soil properties, such as clay/sand content, organic carbon content, soil depth (topsoil/subsoil). +
he probability per 1,000 that a new-born baby will die before reaching the age five, if subject to average age-specific mortality rates. +
Prevalence of undernourishment in children. +
Climate target, defined in terms of concentration levels, radiative forcing, temperature targets, or cumulative emissions. +
Percentage of cloudiness per month; assumed constant after the historical period +
Estimates on storm surge/tide water levels for a large number of coast segments. +
Commodity price per sector, including various crop and livestock sectors.. +
Loss of private consumption due to mitigation and adaptation costs and residual damage. +
Conversion assumptions. +
Fraction of agricultural land by crop type, per grid cell. +
Water requirements for crop irrigation, calculated as daily moisture deficit during the growing season. +
Regional production per crop. +
D
The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability and early death. +
Bias corrected daily precipitation, temperature and potential evaporation input. This data set is according to the monthly Precipitation and Temperature. +
Permanently deforested areas for reasons other than expansion of agricultural land (calibrated to FAO deforestation statistics). +
Demand per sector including various crop and livestock sectors. +
The demand for production of electricity, heat and hydrogen. +
The demand for the production of fossil fuels and bioenergy. +
Total demand for energy production. Sum of final energy demand and energy inputs into energy conversion processes. +
Regional demand for traditional bioenergy. +
Digital water network DDM30 describing drainage directions of surface water, with each cell only draining into one neighbouring cell, organising cells to river basins. +
Distance to water. +
Planned and/or implemented national climate and energy policies, such as taxes, feed-in tariffs, renewable targets, efficiency standards, that affect projected emission reduction. +
E
Database on relationships between environmental factors and ecosystem services. +
The price of electricity. +
Reduction in emission factors as a function of Climate policy. +
Exogenous emission factors per sector, activity and gas, mostly based on the EDGAR database. +
Emission credits traded between regions +
Database of empirical relationships between environmental pressures and reduction in mean species abundance for aquatic ecosystems. +
Activity levels in the energy and industrial sector, per process and energy carrier, for example, the combustion of petrol for transport or the production of crude oil. +
Aggregated energy demand and production indicators from the energy model. +
Model assumptions determining future development of energy efficiency. +
Set of parameters determining the energy use per unit of economic activity (in absence of technical energy efficiency improvements). +
Policy to achieve energy system objectives, such as energy security and energy access. +
Volume of energy resource per carrier, region and supply cost class (determines depletion dynamics). +
Indicators on the status of energy security, such as energy self-sufficiency. +
Percentage of natural flow reserved for the environment. Determined according to the Variable Monthly Flow method developed in Pastor et al., 2014 +
General concepts of distributive justice or fairness used in effort sharing approaches. Three key equity principles are: Responsibility (historical contribution to warming); capability (ability to pay for mitigation); and equality (equal emissions allowances per capita). +
Risk of soil erosion caused by water. +
Market shares of traditional biomass and secondary heat, for all demand sectors except the residential sector, exogenous scenario parameter. +
Population expected to be exposed to floods per year. +
GDP expected to be exposed to floods per year. +
Extensive pasture with low productivity used for grazing. +
F
Historical deforestation rates according to FAO. +
Measure of an animal's efficiency in converting feed mass into the desired output such as meat and milk (for cattle, poultry, pigs, sheep and goats). +
Total amount of feed required for the production of animal products. Grass and fodder species are consumed by grazing animals only (dairy and non-dairy cattle, sheep and goats), while pigs and poultry are fed feed crops and other feedstuffs. +
Ratio of fertiliser uptake by a crop to fertiliser applied. +
Fish landings according to statistics from "Sea around us". +
Reduction in flood risk by natural vegetation. +
Annual statistics of water depth and the flooded fraction per grid cell. +
Food availability per capita. +
Food availability, including fish and wild food. +
Forest management type: clear cut, selective logging, forest plantation or additional deforestation. +
Demand for forest plantation area. +
Harvest losses (from damaged trees and unusable tree parts) or harvest residues that are left in the forest by purpose because of environmental concerns. These losses/residues remains in the forest after harvest, in in principle enter the soil pools. But they could also be used for other/energy purposes. +
The fraction of forest harvested in a grid, in clear cutting, selective cutting, wood plantations and additional deforestation. Fraction of selective cut determines the fraction of timber harvested by selective cutting of trees in semi-natural and natural forest. +
G
Climate change patterns of General Circulation models used to downscale changes in global mean temperature to changes in temperature and precipitation at grid level; default pattern from HadCM3 of the Hadley Centre. +
Gross Domestic Product per capita, measured as the market value of all goods and services produced in a region in a year, and is used in the IMAGE framework as a generic indicator of economic activity. +
Scaled down GDP per capita from country to grid level, based on population density. +
Measure of income disparity in a population. If all have the same income, GINI equals 1. The lower the GINI, the wider the gap between the lowest and highest income groups. +
Global map of lakes and wetlands. +
Global emission pathway consistent with a specific long-term climate target. +
Average global temperature. +
Grass requirement; ruminants (nondairy cattle, dairy cattle, sheep and goats) are grazing animals, and part (in mixed systems) or most (pastoral systems) of their feed is grass, hay or other roughage; this grass requirement is calculated as a fraction of the total energy (feed) requirement. +
H
HDI: Development level of a country based on income, education and life expectancy. +
Fraction of harvested wood used as product, the remainder being left as residues. Specified per biomass pool and forestry management type. +
Wood harvested and removed. +
The database contains two levels of land cover information—detailed, regionally optimized land cover legends for each continent and a less thematically detailed global legend that harmonizes regional legends into one consistent product. The land cover maps are all based on daily data from the VEGETATION sensor on-board SPOT 4. +
I
Assumptions on income and price elasticities of demand, substitution elasticities, and many other elasticities, +
Increase in irrigated area, often based on external projections (e.g., FAO). +
infrastructure map from external model +
Includes current state (intensive agriculture use, extensive agricultural use, no use) of land area and erosion protection represented by greenness index (NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index). +
The costs of energy conversion technologies at the start of the simulation. +
The costs of energy conversion technologies at the start of the simulation.. +
Global high resolution climate data from WorldClim. +
Intensively used grassland areas for grazing or mowing, at locations also suitable for crop production. +
Database on investment and capital stock on country level. Used to determine initial capital stocks and savings rates. +
Ratio of water supplied to the irrigated field to the quantity withdrawn from the water source, determining the quantity of water lost during transport. This parameter is defined at country level. +
Ratio of quantity of irrigation water required by the crop (based on soil moisture deficits) to the quantity withdrawn from rivers, lakes, reservoirs or other sources. This parameter is given at country level. +
Type of irrigation system: surface, sprinkler or drip. This is allocated at country level, based on Jagermeyr et al (2015). +
Water consumed through irrigation; equal to irrigation water withdrawal minus water lost during transport, depending on the conveyance efficiency. +
Water supplied to irrigated fields; equal to irrigation water withdrawal minus water lost during transport, depending on the conveyance efficiency. +
Water withdrawn for irrigation, not necessarily equal to the withdrawal demand, because of limited water availability in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other sources. +
L
Location, building year, purpose and size of 7000 largest reservoirs. +
Effective supply of labour input to support economic activities, taking into account the participation rate of age cohorts. +
Database of lake depths. +
Multi-dimensional map describing all aspects of land cover and land use per grid cell, such as type of natural vegetation, crop and grass fraction, crop management, fertiliser and manure input, livestock density. +
Suitability of land in a grid cell for agriculture and forestry, as a function of accessibility, population density, slope and potential crop yields. +
Available land for agriculture, per grid or region, depending on suitability for crops, and excluding unsuitable areas such as steep slopes, wetlands and protected areas. +
Land available for sustainable bioenergy production (abandoned agricultural land and non-forested land). +
Thirty land systems as defined in CLUMondo, characterized by specific levels of built-up area, cropland area, livestock density and management intensity. +
High resolution land use and land use intensity based on GLC2000 and IMAGE land cover and land use. +
Land-use CO<sub>2</sub> emissions from deforestation, wood harvest, agricultural harvest, bioenergy plantations and timber decay. +
Determines the rate of technology development in learning equations. +
Average life expectancy of a person born in a given year.. +
Lifestyle parameters influence the relationship between economic activities and demand for energy. +
Production of livestock products (dairy, beef, sheep and goats, pigs, poultry). +
Determines the feed requirements per feed type (food crops; crop residues; grass and fodder; animal products; scavenging), specified per animal type and production system (extensive/intensive/backyard/intermediate/intensive/broiler/laying hens). +
M
MAGICC 6.0 parameters calibrated to emulate one out of 19 climate models. +
Mean Species Abundance (MSA) relative to the natural state of original species. +
Database on empirical relationships between environmental pressures and reduction in mean species abundance for terrestrial ecosystems. +
Management intensity crops, expressing actual yield level compared to potential yield. While potential yield is calculated for each grid cell, this parameter is expressed at the regional level. This parameter is based on data and exogenous assumptions - current practice and technological change in agriculture - and is endogenously adapted in the agro-economic model. +
Management intensity of livestock, expressed at the regional level. This parameter is based on data and exogenous assumptions, i.e. current practice and technological change in livestock sectors, and is endogenously adapted within the Agricultural economy component. +
Fraction of manure produced in staples that is spread on agricultural areas. +
Cost of an additional unit of pollution abated (CO2eq). A marginal abatement cost curve (MAC curve) is a set of options available to an economy to reduce pollution, ranked from the lowest to highest additional costs. +
Net costs of measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. +
N
N and P discharge to surface water. +
Discharge of N and P to surface water from wastewater. +
Net natural exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> between biosphere and atmosphere (NPP minus soil respiration), excluding human induced fluxes such as decay of wood products. +
Ammonia emissions from applied nitrogen fertiliser and manure. +
CO<sub>2</sub> sequestered by plants and incorporated in new tissue in plant carbon pools. +
Level of N deposition or concentration that should not be exceeded. +
Deposition of nitrogen. +
Indicator to account for the fact that tourists do not visit countries in war, with high poverty rates or poor safety conditions. This index includes hunger, refugees, war, corruption, homocides and theft +
Atmospheric concentration of non-CO<sub>2</sub> greenhouse gases. +
Non-CO<sub>2</sub> GHG emissions (CH<sub>4</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>O, Halocarbons). +
Basins with ratios above 0.4 are considered to be severely water stressed. Using the projected population in each grid cell, the number of people at severe risk of water stress is determined +
Number of days with a rain event, per month; assumed constant after the historical period +
O
Ocean carbon uptake. +
Fraction of other, not modelled crops in agricultural area, assumed constant in the future. +
Emission projections and marginal abatement costs curves based on external models, such as the IIASA land-use models or the POLES database. +
P
Proportion of population using traditional biomass and coal for cooking and heating. +
People living on less than $1.25 a day. +
Additional yield due to natural pollination. +
Number of people per region. +
Number of people per gridcell (using downscaling). +
Potential yields of bioenergy crops. +
Potential crop and grass yield, changing over time due to climate change and possibly soil degradation. In some components, i.e. 'Agricultural economy' regional aggregations of the dataset which depend on the actual land-use area, are used. +
Potential natural vegetation type/biome, based on distribution of plant functional types. +
Monthly total precipitation. +
Non-price factors determining market shares, such as preferences, environmental policies, infrastructure and strategic considerations, used for model calibration. +
Presence of natural pest control. +
Proportion of the population with insufficient food intake to meet dietary energy requirements. +
The price of primary energy carriers based on production costs. +
Private consumption reflects expenditure on private household consumption. It is used in IMAGE as a driver of energy. +
Livestock production is distributed over two systems for dairy and beef production (intensive: mixed and industrial; extensive: pastoral grazing), and to three systems for pigs (backyard, intermediate, intensive) and poultry (backyard, boilers, laying hens) with specific intensities, rations and feed conversion ratios. +
Map of protected nature areas, limiting use of this area. +
R
Radiative forcing of greenhouse gases, ozone, and aerosols. +
Radiative forcing per greenhouse gas. +
Rain water consumption by crops. +
Reduction in erosion risk by natural vegetation. +
Regression parameters of suitability assessment. +
Areas of re-growing forests after agricultural abandonment or timber harvest. +
Relationship between GDP and emission factors. +
Climate change damage remaining after adaptation. +
Assumptions on residue management in agriculture. +
Average flow of water through each grid cell. +
Global road map. +
Rules determining how different types of power plants are used. +
S
SO<sub>2</sub> emissions, per source (e.g. fossil fuel burning, deforestation). +
Species richness calculated from MSA and species area curves. +
The secondary energy price of each energy carrier at the end-use level (coal, oil, gas, bio-energy, electricity, hydrogen) is calculated based on (1) the primary energy price, (2) energy taxes and subsidies, (3) the costs of energy conversion throughout the energy supply chain and (4) a correction factor. +
Value Added for economic sectors: Industry (IVA), Services (SVA) and Agriculture (AVA). These variables are used in IMAGE to indicate economic activity. +
Terrain slope index. +
N budget in the soil, used to calculate fate of nitrogen in the soil-hydrology system and for determining emissions to the atmosphere. +
P budget in the soil, used to calculate fate of nitrogen in the soil-hydrology system (residual soil P or surface runoff). +
Soil properties that have an effect on vegetation growth and hydrology. These characteristics differ between soil types. Relevant characteristics are soil texture and depth and water holding capacity +
CO<sub>2</sub> release from soils into the atmosphere due to the decay of soil carbon pools and respiration of soil organisms. +
Soil profiles based on the HWSD (Harmonised World Soil Database) and on the ISRIC-WISE international soil profile dataset +
Number of species in relation to the size of an ecosystem. +
Annual statistics of flooded fraction per grid cell. +
Annual statistics of water depth in flooded areas of a grid cell. +
Annual statistics on river discharge. +
Attractiveness for nature-based tourism. +
Patterns of climate change to compute non-linear regional radiative effects of sulphate aerosols. +
T
Taxes on energy use, and other additional costs +
Increase in productivity in crop production (yield/ha) and livestock production (carcass weight, offtake rate). +
Learning curves and exogenous learning that determine technology development. +
Learning curves and exogenous learning that determine technology development. +
Monthly average temperature. +
Demand for roundwood and pulpwood per region. +
Fractions of harvested timber entering the fast-decaying timber pool, the slow-decaying timber pool, or burnt as traditional biofuels. +
Topography and altitude, determining the altitude range within a grid cell. +
Global high resolution map of topography and elevation from NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Digital Elevation Model. +
Total primary energy supply. +
Bilateral trade between regions per sector, including various crop and livestock sectors. +
Assumed changes in market and non-market instruments that influence trade flows, subject to WTO rules and country and region regulation. +
Trade tariffs and barriers limiting trade in energy carriers (in energy submodel). +
Fraction of traditional fuelwood from non-forestry sources, such as orchard, assumed to be 50% (low-income countries) and 68% (middle-income countries). +
Deficit on environmental flow requirements, based on monthly discharge values +
U
Urban/rural split of population. +
W
Water availability in rivers, lakes and reservoirs. +
Total annual and monthly water consumption for households, industry and electricity. Consumption is defined as the total withdrawals minus the return flows +
Total annual water demand for non-agricultural sectors (households, industry and electricity production) +
Water stress is a basin scale indicator of the mean annual water demand to availability ratio. This ratio gives an indication for the level of water stress experienced in the basin. +
Water stress is a basin scale indicator of the mean annual water demand to availability ratio. This ratio gives an indication for the level of water stress experienced in the basin. Basins with a water demand to availability ratio above 0.2 are considered medium water stressed, basins with ratios above 0.4 are severely water stressed. +
water temperature. +
Total annual and monthly water withdrawal for households, industry and electricity. Not necessarily equal to the withdrawal demand, due to limited water availability. +
Weighting factors for the contribution of temperature, precipitation, land use and slope on distribution of soil properties. +
Non-agricultural areas close to their natural state, with MSA values above 0.8. +