SandBox

Keywords	Policy Intervention	HasDescription	Component
	Afforestation policies	Increasing forest area to sequester CO2 in biomass which helps to achieve stringent climate targets.	Agricultural economy
	Agricultural trade policies	Changes in agricultural trade policies are applied to the corresponding quota (export or import quota) or border taxes.	Agricultural economy
	Apply emission and energy intensity standards	Apply emission intensity standards for e.g. cars (gCO2/km), power plants (gCO2/kWh) or appliances (kWh/hour).	Energy conversion Energy demand
	Avoiding deforestation	Here comes description
	Capacity targets	It is possible to prescribe the shares of renewables, CCS technology, nuclear power and other forms of generation capacity. This measure influences the amount of capacity installed of the technology chosen.	Energy conversion
	Carbon tax	A tax on carbon leads to higher prices for carbon intensive fuels (such as fossil fuels), making low-carbon alternatives more attractive.	Climate policy Energy conversion Energy demand
	Change in grazing intensity	Change in grazing intensity, usually more intensive. This would require better management of grasslands, including for example the use of grass-clover mixtures and fertilisers, bringing the length of the grazing season in tune with the period of grass production, and rotations.	Land-use allocation
	Change market shares of fuel types	Exogenously set the market shares of certain fuel types. This can be done for specific analyses or scenarios to explore the broader implications of increasing the use of, for instance, biofuels, electricity or hydrogen and reflects the impact of fuel targets.	Energy demand
	Change the use of electricity and hydrogen	It is possible to promote the use of electricity and hydrogen at the end-use level.	Energy conversion
	Changes in consumption and diet preferences	Interventions that target consumption changes or changes in dietary preferences	Agricultural economy
	Changes in crop and livestock production systems	General changes in crop and livestock production systems, e.g. more efficient production methods to create higher production per unit of input, or other systems like organic farming	Agricultural economy
	Changes in feed ration	Change in the share of grass in the feed rations of cattle, sheep and goats, usually a decrease, meaning grass will be substituted by feed crops and the livestock system will be more intensive.	Livestock systems
	Climate change adaptation	Adaptation to climate change reduces climate damage. The model can optimally calculate the optimal adaptation level based on marginal adaptation costs and marginal avoided damage, but an alternative adaptation level can be used as well.	Climate policy
	Closing the yield gap	This intervention increases actual yields (reduces the gap between potential and actual yields), usually realized by better management.	Agricultural economy
	Effort- or burden-sharing of emission reductions	Evaluation of burden-sharing or effort-sharing regimes. Which regions or countries should contribute, when and by how much to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions?	Climate policy
	Emission trading policy	Analysis of the effect of rules for trading emission credits on regional abatement costs.	Climate policy
	Energy tax or subsidiy	Changing the prices through energy tax or subsidy for the various energy carriers influences the choice of technology and thus the level of emissions.	Energy supply
	Enlarge protected areas	Increase in areas with protected status, as well the size of the areas as the numer of parks.	Land-use allocation
	Excluding certain technologies	Certain energy technology options can be excluded in the model for environmental, societal, and/or security reasons.	Energy conversion
	Expanding Reduced Impact Logging	Increasing the share of produced wood yielded with Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices instead of conventional logging practices.	Forest management
	Financing climate policy	Developed countries could provide financial resources to assist developing countries by implementation of mitigation and adaptation policies. To mobilise these funds, several mechanisms exist, of which the effect can be analysed	Climate policy
	Hydropower	Construction of dams and reservoirs in rivers	Aquatic biodiversity
	Implementation of biofuel targets	Policies to enhance the use of biofuels, especially in the transport sector. In the Agricultural economy component only 'first generation' crops are taken into account. The policy is implemented as a budget-neutral policy from government perspective, e.g. a subsidy is implemented to achieve a certain share of biofuels in fuel production and an end-user tax is applied to counterfinance the implemented subsidy.	Agricultural economy
	Implementation of land use planning	Application of zoning laws or cadastres, assigning areas to certain land uses.	Land-use allocation
	Implementation of sustainability criteria in bio-energy production	Sustainability criteria that could become binding for dedicated bio-energy production, such as the restrictive use of water-scarce or degraded areas.	Energy supply Land cover and land use
	Improve behaviour	Reduce the health impacts of malnutrition and inadequate access to safe drinking water, basic sanitaion and modern sources of energy, through, for example, improving female education, promoting good hygiene and providing good indoor good ventilation	Human development
	Improve quality of access	Improve the quality of access to drinking water, sanitation and modern sources of energy, through, for example, household connections to drinking-water supply and the use of LPG or kerosene instead of traditional biomass on improved biomass stoves	Human development
	Improved irrigation efficiency	Improved irrigation efficiency assumes an increase in the irrigation project efficiency and irrigation conveyance efficiency.	Water
	Improved manure storage	Improved manure storage systems (ST), considering 20% lower NH3 emissions from animal housing and storage systems.	Nutrients
	Improved rainwater management	Improved rainwater management assumes a decrease in the evaporative losses from rainfed agriculture and the creation of small scale reservoirs to harvest rainwater during the wet period and use it during a dryer period. Both measures lead to more efficient use of water and increased yields on rainfed fields.	Water
	Improvement of feed conversion	Improvement of feed conversion ratio of small ruminants, such as sheep and goats. This means other breeds will be used that need less grass to produce the same amount of meat.	Livestock systems
	Improving energy efficiency	Exogenously set improvement in efficiency. Such improvements can be introduced for the submodels that focus on particular technologies, for example, in transport, heavy industry and households submodels.	Energy demand
	Increase access to food	Increase access to food by targeting food prices for the poorest households	Human development
	Increase access to water	Increase access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation by lowering prices and investing in infrastructure	Human development
	Increase forest plantations	Increase the use of wood from highly productive wood plantations instead of wood from (semi-) natural forests.	Forest management
	Increase natural carbon storage	It should be noted that policy measures to increase carbon storage often generate certain co-benefits, such as the restoration of watershed and wildlife habitats, and the prevention of soil erosion.
	Increased livestock productivity	A change in production characteristics, such as milk production per animal, carcass weight and off-take rates, which will also have an impact on the feed conversion ratio; in general, this will be lower in more productive animals	Livestock systems
	Increased storage capacity	Increasing storage capacity assumes that the total water volume stored in large reservoirs will increase. This can either be established by an increase of the capacity of existing reservoirs, or by building new reservoirs.	Water
	Integrated manure management	Better integration of manure in crop production systems. This consists of recycling of manure that under the baseline scenario ends up outside the agricultural system (e.g. manure used as fuel), in crop systems to substitute fertiliser. In addition, there is improved integration of animal manure in crop systems, particularly in industrialised countries.	Nutrients
	Intensification or extensification of livestock systems	A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants.	Livestock systems
	Intensification/extensification of livestock systems	A change in the distribution of the production over pastoral and mixed systems; usually to a larger share of the production in mixed systems, which inherently changes the overall feed conversion ratios of ruminants.	Livestock systems
	Mitigate environmental changes	Mitigating environmental changes, such as climate change, biodiversity loss and water stress
	More sustainable forest management	Sustainable forest management aims for maintaining long-term harvest potential and good ecological status of forests (e.g. the nutrient balance and biodiversity). This can be implemented by (i) enlarging the return period when a forest can be harvested again; (ii) only using certain fractions of the harvested biomass and leave the remaining part in the forests.	Forest management
	Non-CO2 taxation policies	Taxes greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture to achieve cost-optimal mitigation in the agricultural sector.	Agricultural economy
	Production targets for energy technologies	Production targets for energy technologies can be set to force technologies through a learning curve.	Energy supply
	Provision on improved stoves for traditional bio-energy	Increases the efficiency of bio-energy use.	Energy demand
	REDD policies	The objective of REDD policies it to reduce land-use related emissions by protecting existing forests in the world; The implementation of REDD includes also costs of policies.	Agricultural economy
	Reducing health risk	(primary) prevention, i.e. eliminating or reducing the health risk
	Reduction of waste/losses	Reduction of losses in the agro-food chain and waste after consumption.	Agricultural economy
	Reduction proposals (pledges)	Evaluation of current reduction proposals by countries and policy options (for the next 10-20 years).	Climate policy
... further results

Variabelen van Atmospheric composition and climate modelling

Drivers (type: driver)

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Driver	Description	Source
Adaptation level	Level of adaptation to climate change , defined as the share of climate change damage avoided by adaptation. This level is be calculated by the model to minimise adaptation costs and residual damage, or set by the user.
Air pollution policy	Air pollution policies set to reach emission reduction targets, represented in the model in the form of energy carrier and sector specific emission factors.	EDGAR database
Animal productivity	Effective production of livestock commodities per animal per year.	FAOSTAT database
Biofuel policy	Policies to foster the use of biofuels in transport, such as financial incentives and biofuel mandates and obligations.
Built-up area - grid	Urban built-up area per grid cell, excluded from all biophysical modelling in IMAGE, increasing over time as a function of urban population and a country- and scenario-specific urban density curve.
Capital supply	Capital available to replace depreciated stock and expand the stock to support economic growth.	GTAP database
Climate target	Climate target, defined in terms of concentration levels, radiative forcing, temperature targets, or cumulative emissions.
Domestic climate policy	Planned and/or implemented national climate and energy policies, such as taxes, feed-in tariffs, renewable targets, efficiency standards, that affect projected emission reduction.
Energy efficiency technology	Model assumptions determining future development of energy efficiency.
Energy intensity parameters	Set of parameters determining the energy use per unit of economic activity (in absence of technical energy efficiency improvements).	IEA
Energy policy	Policy to achieve energy system objectives, such as energy security and energy access.
Energy resources	Volume of energy resource per carrier, region and supply cost class (determines depletion dynamics).
Equity principles	General concepts of distributive justice or fairness used in effort sharing approaches. Three key equity principles are: Responsibility (historical contribution to warming); capability (ability to pay for mitigation); and equality (equal emissions allowances per capita).
Feed conversion	Measure of an animal's efficiency in converting feed mass into the desired output such as meat and milk (for cattle, poultry, pigs, sheep and goats).	FAOSTAT database
Fertiliser use efficiency	Ratio of fertiliser uptake by a crop to fertiliser applied.	FAOSTAT database
Forest plantation demand	Demand for forest plantation area.	FAOSTAT database
Fraction of selective logging	The fraction of forest harvested in a grid, in clear cutting, selective cutting, wood plantations and additional deforestation. Fraction of selective cut determines the fraction of timber harvested by selective cutting of trees in semi-natural and natural forest.
GDP per capita	Gross Domestic Product per capita, measured as the market value of all goods and services produced in a region in a year, and is used in the IMAGE framework as a generic indicator of economic activity.	World Bank database
GDP per capita - grid	Scaled down GDP per capita from country to grid level, based on population density.
GINI coefficient	Measure of income disparity in a population. If all have the same income, GINI equals 1. The lower the GINI, the wider the gap between the lowest and highest income groups.	World Bank database
Harvest efficiency	Fraction of harvested wood used as product, the remainder being left as residues. Specified per biomass pool and forestry management type.
Increase in irrigated area - grid	Increase in irrigated area, often based on external projections (e.g., FAO).	FAO IIASA
Irrigation conveyance efficiency	Ratio of water supplied to the irrigated field to the quantity withdrawn from the water source, determining the quantity of water lost during transport. This parameter is defined at country level.	PIK
Irrigation project efficiency	Ratio of quantity of irrigation water required by the crop (based on soil moisture deficits) to the quantity withdrawn from rivers, lakes, reservoirs or other sources. This parameter is given at country level.	PIK
Irrigation system	Type of irrigation system: surface, sprinkler or drip. This is allocated at country level, based on Jagermeyr et al (2015).
Labour supply	Effective supply of labour input to support economic activities, taking into account the participation rate of age cohorts.
Learning rate	Determines the rate of technology development in learning equations.
Lifestyle parameters	Lifestyle parameters influence the relationship between economic activities and demand for energy.	IEA
Livestock rations	Determines the feed requirements per feed type (food crops; crop residues; grass and fodder; animal products; scavenging), specified per animal type and production system (extensive/intensive/backyard/intermediate/intensive/broiler/laying hens).
Manure spreading fraction	Fraction of manure produced in staples that is spread on agricultural areas.
Population	Number of people per region.	UN
Population - grid	Number of people per gridcell (using downscaling).	UN
Preferences	Non-price factors determining market shares, such as preferences, environmental policies, infrastructure and strategic considerations, used for model calibration.
Private consumption	Private consumption reflects expenditure on private household consumption. It is used in IMAGE as a driver of energy.	The World Bank
Production system mix	Livestock production is distributed over two systems for dairy and beef production (intensive: mixed and industrial; extensive: pastoral grazing), and to three systems for pigs (backyard, intermediate, intensive) and poultry (backyard, boilers, laying hens) with specific intensities, rations and feed conversion ratios.
Protected area - grid	Map of protected nature areas, limiting use of this area.	WDPA database
Sector value added	Value Added for economic sectors: Industry (IVA), Services (SVA) and Agriculture (AVA). These variables are used in IMAGE to indicate economic activity.
Taxes and other additional costs	Taxes on energy use, and other additional costs	IEA
Technological change (crops and livestocks)	Increase in productivity in crop production (yield/ha) and livestock production (carcass weight, offtake rate).	FAO
Technology development of energy conversion	Learning curves and exogenous learning that determine technology development.
Technology development of energy supply	Learning curves and exogenous learning that determine technology development.
Timber demand	Demand for roundwood and pulpwood per region.	FAO
Trade policy	Assumed changes in market and non-market instruments that influence trade flows, subject to WTO rules and country and region regulation.
Trade restriction	Trade tariffs and barriers limiting trade in energy carriers (in energy submodel).
Urban population fraction	Urban/rural split of population.	UN

Input variabelen (type: model)

• label
• description
• waar hij vandaan komt

Parameter (type: parameter)

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• description
• has source
• reference

Output variabelen (type: model)

• label
• description
• waar hij naar toe gaat

Caption tonen van een plaatje

• AnimalandCropProducts.png

  Animal and crop production

• ElectricCapacityComparison.png

  Electric capacity comparison

Test van Rineke

• propertytest

3

• Application property test

1. geen property:
2. wel property: DOE IETS

• infoboxtest

1. Energy conversion: Doe iets

1. Hoogwijk, 2004 : doe niets

• subpagetest:

1. subpagevalue: 8
2. pagevalue: 0

• infoboxrtest:

1. Energy conversion: 1
2. Energy conversion/Description: 1

Footnote test

Just testing if we can make footnotes.

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