Variable overview

List of all variables per type:

• Drivers are external model variables that drive the system.
• Model variables are output of a model component and used as input for another model component or final output.
• Historical datasets such as 'Nr of wet days'
• External parameters originate from external models, databases, or other sources. They are mostly used as input for one model component.

Drivers

Population projections

Driver	Use	Description
Population	Energy supply and demand Agricultural economy Climate policy Energy demand	Number of people per region.
Population - grid	Land-use allocation Nutrients Human development Flood risks	Number of people per gridcell (using downscaling).
Urban population fraction	Human development	Urban/rural split of population.

Economic development

Driver	Use	Description
Capital supply	Agricultural economy	Capital available to replace depreciated stock and expand the stock to support economic growth.
GDP per capita	Energy supply and demand Agricultural economy Climate policy Emissions Energy demand Human development	Gross Domestic Product per capita, measured as the market value of all goods and services produced in a region in a year, and is used in the IMAGE framework as a generic indicator of economic activity.
GDP per capita - grid	Ecosystem services Nutrients Flood risks	Scaled down GDP per capita from country to grid level, based on population density.
GINI coefficient	Human development	Measure of income disparity in a population. If all have the same income, GINI equals 1. The lower the GINI, the wider the gap between the lowest and highest income groups.
Labour supply	Agricultural economy	Effective supply of labour input to support economic activities, taking into account the participation rate of age cohorts.
Private consumption	Energy supply and demand Energy demand	Private consumption reflects expenditure on private household consumption. It is used in IMAGE as a driver of energy.
Sector value added	Energy supply and demand Energy demand	Value Added for economic sectors: Industry (IVA), Services (SVA) and Agriculture (AVA). These variables are used in IMAGE to indicate economic activity.
Timber demand	Forest management	Demand for roundwood and pulpwood per region.

Trade regimes, tariffs and barriers

Driver	Use	Description
Trade policy	Agricultural economy	Assumed changes in market and non-market instruments that influence trade flows, subject to WTO rules and country and region regulation.
Trade restriction	Energy supply	Trade tariffs and barriers limiting trade in energy carriers (in energy submodel).

Environmental and other policies

Driver	Use	Description
Adaptation level	Climate policy	Level of adaptation to climate change , defined as the share of climate change damage avoided by adaptation. This level is be calculated by the model to minimise adaptation costs and residual damage, or set by the user.
Air pollution policy	Energy conversion	Air pollution policies set to reach emission reduction targets, represented in the model in the form of energy carrier and sector specific emission factors.
Biofuel policy	Agricultural economy	Policies to foster the use of biofuels in transport, such as financial incentives and biofuel mandates and obligations.
Climate target	Climate policy	Climate target, defined in terms of concentration levels, radiative forcing, temperature targets, or cumulative emissions.
Domestic climate policy	Climate policy	Planned and/or implemented national climate and energy policies, such as taxes, feed-in tariffs, renewable targets, efficiency standards, that affect projected emission reduction.
Energy policy	Energy conversion	Policy to achieve energy system objectives, such as energy security and energy access.
Equity principles	Climate policy	General concepts of distributive justice or fairness used in effort sharing approaches. Three key equity principles are: Responsibility (historical contribution to warming); capability (ability to pay for mitigation); and equality (equal emissions allowances per capita).
Protected area - grid	Land-use allocation Land cover and land use Terrestrial biodiversity Ecosystem services	Map of protected nature areas, limiting use of this area.
Taxes and other additional costs	Energy demand	Taxes on energy use, and other additional costs

Technological change in the energy system

Driver	Use	Description
Energy efficiency technology	Energy demand	Model assumptions determining future development of energy efficiency.
Energy intensity parameters	Energy demand	Set of parameters determining the energy use per unit of economic activity (in absence of technical energy efficiency improvements).
Learning rate	Energy supply	Determines the rate of technology development in learning equations.
Technology development of energy conversion	Energy supply and demand Energy conversion	Learning curves and exogenous learning that determine technology development.
Technology development of energy supply	Energy supply and demand Energy supply	Learning curves and exogenous learning that determine technology development.

Energy and land resources

Driver	Use	Description
Built-up area - grid	Land cover and land use	Urban built-up area per grid cell, excluded from all biophysical modelling in IMAGE, increasing over time as a function of urban population and a country- and scenario-specific urban density curve.
Energy resources	Energy supply and demand Energy supply	Volume of energy resource per carrier, region and supply cost class (determines depletion dynamics).

Technological change in agriculture and forestry

Driver	Use	Description
Animal productivity	Livestock systems	Effective production of livestock commodities per animal per year.
Feed conversion	Livestock systems	Measure of an animal's efficiency in converting feed mass into the desired output such as meat and milk (for cattle, poultry, pigs, sheep and goats).
Fertiliser use efficiency	Nutrients	Ratio of fertiliser uptake by a crop to fertiliser applied.
Forest plantation demand	Forest management	Demand for forest plantation area.
Fraction of selective logging	Forest management	The fraction of forest harvested in a grid, in clear cutting, selective cutting, wood plantations and additional deforestation. Fraction of selective cut determines the fraction of timber harvested by selective cutting of trees in semi-natural and natural forest.
Harvest efficiency	Forest management	Fraction of harvested wood used as product, the remainder being left as residues. Specified per biomass pool and forestry management type.
Increase in irrigated area - grid	Land-use allocation	Increase in irrigated area, often based on external projections (e.g., FAO).
Irrigation conveyance efficiency		Ratio of water supplied to the irrigated field to the quantity withdrawn from the water source, determining the quantity of water lost during transport. This parameter is defined at country level.
Irrigation project efficiency		Ratio of quantity of irrigation water required by the crop (based on soil moisture deficits) to the quantity withdrawn from rivers, lakes, reservoirs or other sources. This parameter is given at country level.
Livestock rations	Livestock systems Nutrients	Determines the feed requirements per feed type (food crops; crop residues; grass and fodder; animal products; scavenging), specified per animal type and production system (extensive/intensive/backyard/intermediate/intensive/broiler/laying hens).
Manure spreading fraction	Nutrients	Fraction of manure produced in staples that is spread on agricultural areas.
Production system mix	Livestock systems Nutrients	Livestock production is distributed over two systems for dairy and beef production (intensive: mixed and industrial; extensive: pastoral grazing), and to three systems for pigs (backyard, intermediate, intensive) and poultry (backyard, boilers, laying hens) with specific intensities, rations and feed conversion ratios.
Technological change (crops and livestocks)	Agricultural economy	Increase in productivity in crop production (yield/ha) and livestock production (carcass weight, offtake rate).

Lifestyle parameters

Driver	Use	Description
Lifestyle parameters	Energy supply and demand Energy demand	Lifestyle parameters influence the relationship between economic activities and demand for energy.
Preferences	Energy demand	Non-price factors determining market shares, such as preferences, environmental policies, infrastructure and strategic considerations, used for model calibration.

Model variables, to/from model and end indicators

Model variable	Source	Use	Description
Access to drinking water and sanitation	Human development	Final output	Percentage of the population with sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation.
Actual crop and grass production - grid	Crops and grass	Nutrients	Actual crop and grass production on agricultural land, based on potential yield and management intensity
Adaptation costs	Climate policy	Final output	Costs for adaptation measures to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems to actual or expected climate change effects.
Agricultural area - grid	Land-use allocation	Land cover and land use	Total area for crop production (annual and perennial) and intensive grassland.
Algal blooms in lakes	Aquatic biodiversity	Final output	Harmful algal blooms in lakes caused by cyanobacteria, producing toxins harmful to humans and animals.
Animal stocks	Livestock systems	Emissions Nutrients	Number of animals per category: non-dairy cattle; dairy cattle; pigs; sheep and goats; poultry.
Aquatic MSA - grid	Aquatic biodiversity	Final output	Relative Mean Species Abundance of original species in lakes, rivers and wetlands.
BC, OC and NOx emissions	Emissions	Atmospheric composition and climate Climate policy Human development	Emissions of BC, OC and NOx per year.
Biodiversity Intactness Index (BII) – grid	Terrestrial biodiversity	Land cover and land use	The average abundance across a set of species in each area relative to their reference population, which would be populations before any humans impacts but are usually populations in the least impacted settings available
Bioenergy area	Land-use allocation	Land cover and land use	Area of bioenergy crop production, in model setting where sustainability criteria require that the area for bioenergy crops is not included in the agricultural production area (to avoid competition between bioenergy and food).
Bioenergy production	Energy supply and demand Energy supply	Land-use allocation	Total bioenergy production.
CO and NMVOC emissions	Emissions	Atmospheric composition and climate Climate policy	Emissions from CO and NMVOC.
CO2 concentration	Atmospheric composition and climate	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation Crops and grass	Atmospheric CO2 concentration.
CO2 emission from energy and industry	Emissions	Atmospheric composition and climate Climate policy	CO2 emission from energy and industry.
CO2 stored	Energy conversion	Final output	The amount of CO2 stored in underground reservoirs by applying CO2 capture technology..
Carbon pools in soil and timber - grid	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Land cover and land use	Carbon biomass in three soil pools (litter, humus and charcoal) and two timber pools (slow decaying, and fast decaying).
Carbon pools in vegetation - grid	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Forest management Land cover and land use	Carbon pools in leaves, stems, branches and roots).
Carbon price	Climate policy	Energy supply and demand Energy conversion	Carbon price on the international trading market (in USD in 2005 per tonne C-eq) calculated from aggregated regional permit demand and supply curves derived from marginal abatement costs.
Carbon sequestration - grid	Ecosystem services	Final output	Net carbon uptake by terrestrial ecosystems and oceans.
Carbon storage price	Energy supply	Energy conversion	The costs of capturing and storing CO2, affecting the use of CCS technology.
Change in soil properties - grid	Land degradation	Crops and grass Land cover and land use	Change in soil properties, such as clay/sand content, organic carbon content, soil depth (topsoil/subsoil).
Child mortality	Human development	Final output	he probability per 1,000 that a new-born baby will die before reaching the age five, if subject to average age-specific mortality rates.
Child underweight	Human development	Final output	Prevalence of undernourishment in children.
Commodity price	Agricultural economy	Final output	Commodity price per sector, including various crop and livestock sectors..
Consumption loss	Climate policy	Final output	Loss of private consumption due to mitigation and adaptation costs and residual damage.
Crop fraction in agricultural area - grid	Land-use allocation	Land cover and land use	Fraction of agricultural land by crop type, per grid cell.
Crop irrigation water demand - grid	Crops and grass	Water	Water requirements for crop irrigation, calculated as daily moisture deficit during the growing season.
Crop production	Agricultural economy	Land-use allocation Ecosystem services	Regional production per crop.
DALYs (disability-adjusted life years)	Human development	Final output	The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is a measure of overall disease burden, expressed as the number of years lost due to ill-health, disability and early death.
Degraded forest area	Forest management	Land cover and land use	Permanently deforested areas for reasons other than expansion of agricultural land (calibrated to FAO deforestation statistics).
Demand (all commodities)	Agricultural economy	Final output	Demand per sector including various crop and livestock sectors.
Demand for electricity, heat and hydrogen	Energy demand	Energy conversion	The demand for production of electricity, heat and hydrogen.
Demand for fossil fuels and bioenergy	Energy demand	Final output	The demand for the production of fossil fuels and bioenergy.
Demand for primary energy	Energy conversion	Energy supply	Total demand for energy production. Sum of final energy demand and energy inputs into energy conversion processes.
Demand traditional biomass	Energy demand	Forest management	Regional demand for traditional bioenergy.
Electricity price	Energy conversion	Energy demand	The price of electricity.
Emission abatement	Climate policy	Emissions	Reduction in emission factors as a function of Climate policy.
Emission trading	Climate policy	Final output	Emission credits traded between regions
Energy and industry activity level	Energy supply Energy conversion Energy demand	Emissions	Activity levels in the energy and industrial sector, per process and energy carrier, for example, the combustion of petrol for transport or the production of crude oil.
Energy demand and production	Energy supply and demand	Final output	Aggregated energy demand and production indicators from the energy model.
Energy security indicators	Energy supply	Final output	Indicators on the status of energy security, such as energy self-sufficiency.
Environmental flow requirements - grid	Water	Final output	Percentage of natural flow reserved for the environment. Determined according to the Variable Monthly Flow method developed in Pastor et al., 2014
Erosion risk - grid	Land degradation	Ecosystem services	Risk of soil erosion caused by water.
Expected nr of affected people - grid	Flood risks	Final output	Population expected to be exposed to floods per year.
Expected value of affected GDP - grid	Flood risks	Final output	GDP expected to be exposed to floods per year.
Extensive grassland area - grid	Land-use allocation	Land cover and land use	Extensive pasture with low productivity used for grazing.
Feed crop requirement	Livestock systems	Emissions	Total amount of feed required for the production of animal products. Grass and fodder species are consumed by grazing animals only (dairy and non-dairy cattle, sheep and goats), while pigs and poultry are fed feed crops and other feedstuffs.
Flood protection - grid	Ecosystem services	Final output	Reduction in flood risk by natural vegetation.
Food availability per capita	Agricultural economy	Human development	Food availability per capita.
Food availability, including fish and wild food	Ecosystem services	Final output	Food availability, including fish and wild food.
Forest management type - grid	Forest management	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation Land cover and land use	Forest management type: clear cut, selective logging, forest plantation or additional deforestation.
Forest residues	Forest management	Final output	Harvest losses (from damaged trees and unusable tree parts) or harvest residues that are left in the forest by purpose because of environmental concerns. These losses/residues remains in the forest after harvest, in in principle enter the soil pools. But they could also be used for other/energy purposes.
Global emission pathways	Climate policy	Final output	Global emission pathway consistent with a specific long-term climate target.
Global mean temperature	Atmospheric composition and climate	Terrestrial biodiversity	Average global temperature.
Grass requirement	Livestock systems	Land-use allocation	Grass requirement; ruminants (nondairy cattle, dairy cattle, sheep and goats) are grazing animals, and part (in mixed systems) or most (pastoral systems) of their feed is grass, hay or other roughage; this grass requirement is calculated as a fraction of the total energy (feed) requirement.
HDI (human development index)	Human development	Final output	HDI: Development level of a country based on income, education and life expectancy.
Harvested wood	Forest management	Land cover and land use	Wood harvested and removed.
Intensive grassland area	Land-use allocation	Land cover and land use	Intensively used grassland areas for grazing or mowing, at locations also suitable for crop production.
Irrigation water consumption - grid	Crops and grass Water	Final output	Water consumed through irrigation; equal to irrigation water withdrawal minus water lost during transport, depending on the conveyance efficiency.
Irrigation water supply - grid		Carbon cycle and natural vegetation Crops and grass	Water supplied to irrigated fields; equal to irrigation water withdrawal minus water lost during transport, depending on the conveyance efficiency.
Irrigation water withdrawal - grid	Water	Land cover and land use	Water withdrawn for irrigation, not necessarily equal to the withdrawal demand, because of limited water availability in rivers, lakes, reservoirs and other sources.
Land cover, land use - grid	Land cover and land use	Land-use allocation Forest management Carbon cycle and natural vegetation Crops and grass Terrestrial biodiversity Emissions Aquatic biodiversity Nutrients Water Land degradation Flood risks	Multi-dimensional map describing all aspects of land cover and land use per grid cell, such as type of natural vegetation, crop and grass fraction, crop management, fertiliser and manure input, livestock density.
Land suitability - grid		Final output	Suitability of land in a grid cell for agriculture and forestry, as a function of accessibility, population density, slope and potential crop yields.
Land supply	Land cover and land use	Agricultural economy	Available land for agriculture, per grid or region, depending on suitability for crops, and excluding unsuitable areas such as steep slopes, wetlands and protected areas.
Land supply for bioenergy - grid	Land cover and land use	Energy supply and demand Energy supply	Land available for sustainable bioenergy production (abandoned agricultural land and non-forested land).
Land systems - grid		Final output	Thirty land systems as defined in CLUMondo, characterized by specific levels of built-up area, cropland area, livestock density and management intensity.
Land use and land-use intensity - grid	Terrestrial biodiversity	Ecosystem services	High resolution land use and land use intensity based on GLC2000 and IMAGE land cover and land use.
Land-use CO2 emissions - grid	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Atmospheric composition and climate Climate policy	Land-use CO2 emissions from deforestation, wood harvest, agricultural harvest, bioenergy plantations and timber decay.
Life expectancy	Human development	Final output	Average life expectancy of a person born in a given year..
Livestock production	Agricultural economy	Livestock systems Ecosystem services	Production of livestock products (dairy, beef, sheep and goats, pigs, poultry).
MSA (mean species abundance) - grid	Terrestrial biodiversity	Land cover and land use	Mean Species Abundance (MSA) relative to the natural state of original species.
Management intensity crops	Agricultural economy	Land-use allocation Crops and grass Land cover and land use Terrestrial biodiversity	Management intensity crops, expressing actual yield level compared to potential yield. While potential yield is calculated for each grid cell, this parameter is expressed at the regional level. This parameter is based on data and exogenous assumptions - current practice and technological change in agriculture - and is endogenously adapted in the agro-economic model.
Management intensity livestock	Agricultural economy	Livestock systems Land cover and land use Terrestrial biodiversity	Management intensity of livestock, expressed at the regional level. This parameter is based on data and exogenous assumptions, i.e. current practice and technological change in livestock sectors, and is endogenously adapted within the Agricultural economy component.
Marginal abatement cost	Energy supply	Climate policy	Cost of an additional unit of pollution abated (CO2eq). A marginal abatement cost curve (MAC curve) is a set of options available to an economy to reduce pollution, ranked from the lowest to highest additional costs.
Mitigation costs	Climate policy	Final output	Net costs of measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
N and P discharge to surface water - grid	Nutrients	Aquatic biodiversity	N and P discharge to surface water.
N and P in wastewater discharge - grid	Nutrients	Final output	Discharge of N and P to surface water from wastewater.
NEP (net ecosystem production) - grid	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Atmospheric composition and climate Ecosystem services	Net natural exchange of CO2 between biosphere and atmosphere (NPP minus soil respiration), excluding human induced fluxes such as decay of wood products.
NH3 emissions - grid	Nutrients	Final output	Ammonia emissions from applied nitrogen fertiliser and manure.
NPP (net primary production) - grid	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Land cover and land use	CO2 sequestered by plants and incorporated in new tissue in plant carbon pools.
Nitrogen deposition - grid	Emissions	Terrestrial biodiversity Nutrients	Deposition of nitrogen.
Non-CO2 GHG concentrations	Atmospheric composition and climate	Final output	Atmospheric concentration of non-CO2 greenhouse gases.
Non-CO2 GHG emissions (CH4, N2O and Halocarbons)	Emissions	Atmospheric composition and climate Climate policy	Non-CO2 GHG emissions (CH4, N2O, Halocarbons).
Number of people at risk of severe water stress - grid	Water	Final output	Basins with ratios above 0.4 are considered to be severely water stressed. Using the projected population in each grid cell, the number of people at severe risk of water stress is determined
Ocean carbon uptake	Atmospheric composition and climate	Ecosystem services	Ocean carbon uptake.
People dependent on solid fuel	Energy demand	Human development	Proportion of population using traditional biomass and coal for cooking and heating.
People living on less then USD 1.25 per day	Human development	Final output	People living on less than $1.25 a day.
Pollination - grid	Ecosystem services	Final output	Additional yield due to natural pollination.
Potential bioenergy yield - grid	Crops and grass	Energy supply	Potential yields of bioenergy crops.
Potential crop and grass yield - grid	Crops and grass	Agricultural economy Land-use allocation	Potential crop and grass yield, changing over time due to climate change and possibly soil degradation. In some components, i.e. 'Agricultural economy' regional aggregations of the dataset which depend on the actual land-use area, are used.
Potential natural vegetation - grid	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Land cover and land use	Potential natural vegetation type/biome, based on distribution of plant functional types.
Precipitation - grid	Atmospheric composition and climate	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation Crops and grass Ecosystem services Water Human development Land degradation Flood risks	Monthly total precipitation.
Presence of natural pest control - grid	Ecosystem services	Final output	Presence of natural pest control.
Prevalence of undernourishment	Human development	Final output	Proportion of the population with insufficient food intake to meet dietary energy requirements.
Primary energy price	Energy supply	Energy conversion Energy demand	The price of primary energy carriers based on production costs.
Radiative forcing	Atmospheric composition and climate	Final output	Radiative forcing of greenhouse gases, ozone, and aerosols.
Rainwater consumption - grid	Crops and grass	Final output	Rain water consumption by crops.
Reduced erosion risk - grid	Ecosystem services	Final output	Reduction in erosion risk by natural vegetation.
Regrowth forest area - grid	Forest management	Land cover and land use	Areas of re-growing forests after agricultural abandonment or timber harvest.
Residual damage	Climate policy	Final output	Climate change damage remaining after adaptation.
River discharge - grid	Water	Land-use allocation Ecosystem services Aquatic biodiversity	Average flow of water through each grid cell.
SO2 emissions	Emissions	Atmospheric composition and climate Climate policy Human development	SO2 emissions, per source (e.g. fossil fuel burning, deforestation).
SRI (species richness index) - grid	Terrestrial biodiversity	Final output	Species richness calculated from MSA and species area curves.
Secondary energy price	Energy conversion	Energy demand	The secondary energy price of each energy carrier at the end-use level (coal, oil, gas, bio-energy, electricity, hydrogen) is calculated based on (1) the primary energy price, (2) energy taxes and subsidies, (3) the costs of energy conversion throughout the energy supply chain and (4) a correction factor.
Soil N budget - grid	Nutrients	Final output	N budget in the soil, used to calculate fate of nitrogen in the soil-hydrology system and for determining emissions to the atmosphere.
Soil P budget - grid	Nutrients	Final output	P budget in the soil, used to calculate fate of nitrogen in the soil-hydrology system (residual soil P or surface runoff).
Soil respiration - grid	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Final output	CO2 release from soils into the atmosphere due to the decay of soil carbon pools and respiration of soil organisms.
Statistics of inundation extent - grid	Flood risks	Final output	Annual statistics of flooded fraction per grid cell.
Statistics on inundation depth - grid	Flood risks	Ecosystem services	Annual statistics of water depth in flooded areas of a grid cell.
Statistics on river discharge - grid	Flood risks	Final output	Annual statistics on river discharge.
Suitability for nature-based tourism - grid	Ecosystem services	Final output	Attractiveness for nature-based tourism.
Temperature - grid	Atmospheric composition and climate	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation Crops and grass Ecosystem services Water Human development Land degradation Flood risks	Monthly average temperature.
Timber use fraction	Forest management	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation	Fractions of harvested timber entering the fast-decaying timber pool, the slow-decaying timber pool, or burnt as traditional biofuels.
Total primary energy supply	Energy supply	Final output	Total primary energy supply.
Trade (all commodities)	Agricultural economy	Final output	Bilateral trade between regions per sector, including various crop and livestock sectors.
Transgression of environmental flows - grid	Water	Final output	Deficit on environmental flow requirements, based on monthly discharge values
Water availability - grid	Ecosystem services	Final output	Water availability in rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
Water consumption other sectors - grid	Water	Final output	Total annual and monthly water consumption for households, industry and electricity. Consumption is defined as the total withdrawals minus the return flows
Water stress - basin	Water	Final output	Water stress is a basin scale indicator of the mean annual water demand to availability ratio. This ratio gives an indication for the level of water stress experienced in the basin.
Water stress - grid		Final output	Water stress is a basin scale indicator of the mean annual water demand to availability ratio. This ratio gives an indication for the level of water stress experienced in the basin. Basins with a water demand to availability ratio above 0.2 are considered medium water stressed, basins with ratios above 0.4 are severely water stressed.
Water withdrawal other sectors - grid	Water	Land cover and land use	Total annual and monthly water withdrawal for households, industry and electricity. Not necessarily equal to the withdrawal demand, due to limited water availability.
Wilderness area - grid	Terrestrial biodiversity	Final output	Non-agricultural areas close to their natural state, with MSA values above 0.8.

External parameters

... further results

External parameter	Use	Description
Accessibility - grid	Ecosystem services	Accessibility expressed as travel time.
Agricultural land use suitability - grid	Land-use allocation	Suitability of land in a grid cell for agriculture and forestry, as a function of accessibility, population density, slope and potential crop yields.
Biome and eco-region - grid	Terrestrial biodiversity	Biomes are groups of plants and animals, often referred as ecosystems. Their spatial distribution on Earth is defined by climatic and geographical conditions defined as contiguous areas with similar climatic conditions. Biomes are often referred to by climatic conditions (such as, tropical, temperate, boreal) and physiological characteristic (such as, grassland, deciduous trees, coniferous trees).
CLUmondo specific input - grid		CLUMondo specific input.
Coastal storm surges	Flood risks	Estimates on storm surge/tide water levels for a large number of coast segments.
Conversion assumptions	Energy supply and demand	Conversion assumptions.
Daily climate dataset - grid	Flood risks	Bias corrected daily precipitation, temperature and potential evaporation input. This data set is according to the monthly Precipitation and Temperature.
Digital water network - grid	Aquatic biodiversity Water	Digital water network DDM30 describing drainage directions of surface water, with each cell only draining into one neighbouring cell, organising cells to river basins.
Distance to water - grid	Ecosystem services	Distance to water.
Ecosystem services effect values	Ecosystem services	Database on relationships between environmental factors and ecosystem services.
Emission factors	Emissions	Exogenous emission factors per sector, activity and gas, mostly based on the EDGAR database.
Empirical MSA effect values	Aquatic biodiversity	Database of empirical relationships between environmental pressures and reduction in mean species abundance for aquatic ecosystems.
Exogenously set market shares	Energy demand	Market shares of traditional biomass and secondary heat, for all demand sectors except the residential sector, exogenous scenario parameter.
FAO deforestation rates	Forest management	Historical deforestation rates according to FAO.
Fish landing - grid	Ecosystem services	Fish landings according to statistics from "Sea around us".
Flood statistics - grid	Flood risks	Annual statistics of water depth and the flooded fraction per grid cell.
GCM pattern (temperature, precipitation) - grid	Atmospheric composition and climate	Climate change patterns of General Circulation models used to downscale changes in global mean temperature to changes in temperature and precipitation at grid level; default pattern from HadCM3 of the Hadley Centre.
GLWD (global lakes and wetlands database) - grid	Aquatic biodiversity	Global map of lakes and wetlands.
High resolution land cover (GLC2000) - grid	Terrestrial biodiversity	The database contains two levels of land cover information—detailed, regionally optimized land cover legends for each continent and a less thematically detailed global legend that harmonizes regional legends into one consistent product. The land cover maps are all based on daily data from the VEGETATION sensor on-board SPOT 4.
Income and price elasticities	Agricultural economy	Assumptions on income and price elasticities of demand, substitution elasticities, and many other elasticities,
Infrastructure		infrastructure map from external model
Initial land cover, land use - grid		Includes current state (intensive agriculture use, extensive agricultural use, no use) of land area and erosion protection represented by greenness index (NDVI = Normalized Difference Vegetation Index).
Initial production costs	Energy supply	The costs of energy conversion technologies at the start of the simulation.
Initial technology cost	Energy conversion	The costs of energy conversion technologies at the start of the simulation..
Initial temperature, precipitation - grid		Global high resolution climate data from WorldClim.
Investment and Capital Stock	Climate policy	Database on investment and capital stock on country level. Used to determine initial capital stocks and savings rates.
LOD (location of dams and reservoirs)	Water	Location, building year, purpose and size of 7000 largest reservoirs.
Lake depth - grid	Aquatic biodiversity	Database of lake depths.
MAGICC parameter settings	Atmospheric composition and climate	MAGICC 6.0 parameters calibrated to emulate one out of 19 climate models.
MSA effect values	Terrestrial biodiversity	Database on empirical relationships between environmental pressures and reduction in mean species abundance for terrestrial ecosystems.
Nitrogen critical load	Terrestrial biodiversity	Level of N deposition or concentration that should not be exceeded.
No-go areas - grid	Ecosystem services	Indicator to account for the fact that tourists do not visit countries in war, with high poverty rates or poor safety conditions. This index includes hunger, refugees, war, corruption, homocides and theft
Other crops		Fraction of other, not modelled crops in agricultural area, assumed constant in the future.
Other energy and land-use models	Climate policy	Emission projections and marginal abatement costs curves based on external models, such as the IIASA land-use models or the POLES database.
Radiative forcing factors	Atmospheric composition and climate	Radiative forcing per greenhouse gas.
Regression parameters		Regression parameters of suitability assessment.
Relationship income and emission factor	Emissions	Relationship between GDP and emission factors.
Residue management	Crops and grass	Assumptions on residue management in agriculture.
Road-map - grid	Terrestrial biodiversity	Global road map.
Rules on use of technology	Energy conversion	Rules determining how different types of power plants are used.
Slope - grid	Land degradation	Terrain slope index.
Soil properties - grid	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation Crops and grass Water	Soil properties that have an effect on vegetation growth and hydrology. These characteristics differ between soil types. Relevant characteristics are soil texture and depth and water holding capacity
Soil types and profiles (S-World)	Land degradation	Soil profiles based on the HWSD (Harmonised World Soil Database) and on the ISRIC-WISE international soil profile dataset
Species-area relationships	Terrestrial biodiversity	Number of species in relation to the size of an ecosystem.
Sulphate pattern - grid	Atmospheric composition and climate	Patterns of climate change to compute non-linear regional radiative effects of sulphate aerosols.
Topography - grid	Ecosystem services	Topography and altitude, determining the altitude range within a grid cell.
Topography, elevation - grid	Flood risks	Global high resolution map of topography and elevation from NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. Digital Elevation Model.
Traditional biomass from non-forest land	Forest management	Fraction of traditional fuelwood from non-forestry sources, such as orchard, assumed to be 50% (low-income countries) and 68% (middle-income countries).
Water demand other sectors - grid	Water	Total annual water demand for non-agricultural sectors (households, industry and electricity production)
Water temperature - grid	Aquatic biodiversity	water temperature.

Historical datasets

Historical dataset	Use	Description
Cloudiness - grid	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation Crops and grass Atmospheric composition and climate Ecosystem services	Percentage of cloudiness per month; assumed constant after the historical period
Number of wet days - grid	Carbon cycle and natural vegetation Crops and grass Atmospheric composition and climate Ecosystem services Land degradation	Number of days with a rain event, per month; assumed constant after the historical period

Related overviews

• Dataflow overview